Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
Improving the quality of Russians Life is linked with an increase in the production of high-quality food. In this reference hazelnuts are extremely valuable, which are in unlimited demand among the population and are indispensable raw materials for the confectionery industry. Hazelnut occupies about 3.5 thousand ha (the private sector is more than 33 %). In modern economic conditions, a consistently high yield and product quality are the main aims increasing the production efficiency of hazelnuts. Great research work on the selection, introduction, study and preservation of the hazelnuts collection was carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops. As a result of selection work, new high-quality hazelnut varieties have been created at the Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops. On the basis of Institute collection in the last years the new best quality varieties were created as Karamanovsky (President), Kavkaz, Sochi-1, Sochi-2, Kuban, Perestroika, Kristina. They were included in the State Register of Selection Achievements of the Russian Federation. The value of hazelnut varieties developed in the Institute and adapted to the conditions of their cultivation lies in their economic efficiency and high-quality products. Institute varieties are the most important component of innovation and commercial activity, to carry out the Government of the Russian Federation import substitution program in agriculture. The modern varieties of Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops are used for industrial plantation of hazelnuts not only in Russia Federation, but also in Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria.
In the breeding of fruit crops, in particular pears, the selection of hybrid offspring is very time- consuming and limit y the long-term cycle and it cause the inability identify the valuable traits of plant in the first years. This entails the need for further study of a larger number of samples, which ultimately does not lead to the positive results. Therefore, the possibility of applying the systemic cognitive analysis (ASK analysis) allows you to identify the patterns in the available information, analyze it and, based on this, give the possible forecasts. The quantitative estimation results of fruit quality of pear varieties and hybrids on signs complex with using an automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and its software toolbox of intellectual system Eidos have been shown in this work. 3 statistical and 7 system-cognitive models have been generated, in which generalized the images of classes by quantitative estimation of signs complex of fruit quality of pears genotypes. Influence of values of genotyping features has been studied. The most reliable turned out to be model INF4, based on private criterion of ROI Return On Investment, the first variant of calculation of relative frequencies has appeared the most authentic: Nj - total quantity of signs on j class at integrated criterion of Sum of knowledges. By means of created model have been the forecasting problems (diagnostics, categorizations, recognitions, identification). Degree of classes determinancy and gradation importance of descriptive scales has been defined. Clusterizated analysis allocates 2 groups of genotypes on complex of quality signs. Possibilities of use of new algorithms clusterizated analysis in a method of cognitive clusterization, based on the ASK-analysis and realised in the intellectual Eidos system for a quantitative estimation of fruits quality in pear breeding have been defined. The results of agglomerative clusterization, differing from earlier known classical methods has been shown.
Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the grape gene pool at the present time. The territory of Abkhazia is one of the centers of the cultivated grapes arising; many wild-growing forms and ancient native grape varieties are found here. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grape gene pool of Vitis vinifera. We performed the genotyping of Kachich grape plants, which can be qualify as the most famous local variety of Abkhazia. SSR markers recommended by the Union of Grape Genetics for genotyping of Vitis vinifera were used in the work: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. Molecular genetic analysis was carried out performed by PCR using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer. The objects of study are grape plants cultivated at three points in Abkhazia under the name Kachich and have morphological characteristics similar to the variety described in the USSR Ampelography. DNA analysis revealed that one of the analyzed samples is significantly different from the other two samples in microsatellite profiles. Thus, it can be argued that, in general, at least two different genotypes with similar morphological characteristics are grown under one name in Abkhazia, and, two other samples of the variety showed identical DNA profiles of plants. According to ampelographic features, these samples are closed to the description of the Kachich morphotype presented in ampelography. One of these samples grows in the collection of Wines and Waters of Abkhazia company and were planting with planted material from the ampelographic collection of the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking Magarach. It can be concluded that we obtained the DNA profile of the Kachich genotype corresponding to the morphological description of the variety.
The main grape varieties used as table varieties and for winemaking belong to the species Vitis vinifera L., which has a high quality of berries, but rather low resistance to diseases and frost. One of the donors of valuable features f or the breeding of grape varieties is the species of Vitis amurensis Rupr. For example, some V. amurensis genotypes carry the downy mildew resistance genes of Rpv10 and Rpv12. The aim of the work is to study the genetic potential of resistance to downy mildew by DNA-marker analysis of some hybrid forms obtained using Amur grapevines. The research was carried out on the DNA of twenty-one grape genotypes, created by F.I. Shatilov using V. amurensis, and preserved in the collection of A.Y. Nemytov (Orenburg Region). DNA extraction was carried out by CTAB method from herbalized young shoots of grape plants. In the work for identification gene Rpv10 the closely linked DNA marker GF09-46 was used to identify the Rpv12 gene markers UDV360, UDV343, flanking the locus of resistance. Separation of reaction products and analysis of PCR fragment size were carried out using an automatic genetic analyzer. As control genotypes in the study the grape varieties those carriers the genes of Kunlean (Rpv12) and Saperavi Severnyi (Rpv10) were included. In two forms under the conventional names Muscat Severniy No. 1 and Hybrid form No. 3 the presence of genes Rpv12 and Rpv10 were revealed, respectively. These genotypes have a number of positive characteristics that are promising in the breeding of table grape varieties and can be considered as the sources o f valuable traits.
Crimea is a resort area, which generates a great demand for early table grapes. The study of agrobiological and economic characteristics of early table grapevine cultivars and assessment of their potential is a question of present interest for the viticulture of Crimea. The aim of the present study is to assess adaptability and potential of introduced table grapevine cultivars based on a set of agrobiological indicators and economically valuable traits with the purpose to recommend them for inclusion into the assortment of grapes cultivated in Crimea. Comprehensive assessment of the agrobiological and economically valuable traits of the studied grapevine cultivars makes it possible to determine their potential for cultivation in the Eastern part of the South Coast zone of Crimea. New table grapevine cultivars belong to early ripening grapes and demonstrate high harvest quality and balanced taste. The studied grapes accumulate sugar within 157,0-175,0 g/dm³, and titratable acids within 5,3-6,5 g/dm³. In terms of potential, Matilda and Victoria Rumynskaya cultivars are not inferior to standard control cultivar Italia. Victoria Rumynskaya cultivar is superior to the standard in terms of fertility (K1 = 1,14), and demonstrates high transportability coefficient T1 (70 %). Matilda grapes demonstrated high bush fertility and balanced taste (gluco-acidometric index = 24,2), and was superior to control cultivar in the standard product output (80,1 %). It is noted in the article, that the use and introduction of the above cultivars into the grapevine assortment of Crimea can expand the consumption of fresh grapes of early ripening cultivars and improve the image of Crimea as a resort area.