Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The method of embryo culture has more and more wide application in the interspecific hybridization of fruit plants. For its improvement the hormonal regulation of growth and development of embryos in vitro is researched and the optimal age of embryos injected into culture is defined. The main objective of the presented work is to receive the viable plants from puny seeds and not sprout embryos of hybrids of sweet cherry and cherry in the course of their cultivation in vitro and to allocate the effective growth regulators and to establish the optimal terms of embryos input in the culture. The results of research on cultivation in vitro of sweet cherry and cherry of 16 combinations of crossing are presented. The regenerants of hybrid embryos of cherry and sweet cherry in vitro culture from 16 combinations of crossings are received. For embryos culture of sweet cherry and cherry the best modification of Murashige-Skoog environment with 79 % level of embryos regeneration is allocated. The most effective concentration of gibberellic acid in the environment for cultivation of cherry and sweet cherry is revealed. That is 10 mg of gibberellic acid per 1 liter of the Murashige-Skoog environment, for all that the embryo size should be maximized.
The results of long-term work on breeding and varieties study of apple, pear, sweet cherry, cherry at the Daghestan Selective Experimental Station of Fruit Crops are presented. The research are conducted on the basis of the standard techniques. As a result the donors and the sources of valuable traits that recommended for use in the breeding programs are allocated; 35 new valuable varieties of fruit crops are created. In the Daghestan Republic only on an apple-tree and a pear more than 500 thousand crossings were made, 200 perspective and elite forms of an apple-tree and a pear, 8 an apple-tree varieties and 4 a pear varieties were created as a result. By research it is established that the greatest number of the best hybrid seedlings are formed in those combinations of crossing where a maternal form are the best European and American varieties and a father form are the local varieties of national Daghestan breeding. Some ways of breeding acceleration are successfully applied in a breeding work with an apple-tree. For the first time the genetic analysis of hybrid posterity at on earlier age in the breeding nursery for research of inheritance nature of separate traits and properties is offered. The varieties created at the Dagestan Experimental Station considerably (on 20-25%) surpass the existing zoned varieties of fruit crops on the main economic and biological traits. The allocated genetic sources and donors can be widely used in a breeding work for creation of valuable adaptive varieties of an apple-tree, a pear, sweet cherry and cherry.
The features of perspective apple varieties of various ecological end geographical origin are studied and the best of them are allocated on studied morphological features under the ecological conditions of the Chechen Republic. Taking into account the requirements of intensive gardening the parameters of vegetative organs of apple plants, allowing to estimate the varieties resistance to various mechanical and stressful influences, photosynthetic activity, productivity of crown volume and also to define ecological plasticity of varieties are determined. The studied indicators (the length of interstices, a corner of shoot divergence, quantity of leaves on a shoot) allow to define the degree of growth activity of apple plants, to choose a type of young trees formation and their cutting during full fructification period. Taking into account the specified criterias the apple-tree varieties Red Chiv, Nemora, Kuban Bargiyan, Red Darya are allocated. The established parameters indicate the possibility of use of the allocated varieties for cultivation with use of intensive elements of technology, in particular the flattened types of crown formation of young trees and dense schemes of placement them in a garden, and also for creation of intensive plantings of an apple-tree under soil and climatic conditions of Chechen Republic.
The results of water balance studying of twelve perspective apple varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under conditions of the Chechen Republic are presented. Water-retaining ability of leaves of different apple varieties for an assessment of their relative drought resistance and allocation steadier ones on this indicators is studied. It is established, that the majority of varieties of the domestic selection (NRRIH&V), created in the region with insufficient moistering and almost annually repeating of a long drought periods, are characterized by low water return of leaves and higher water-retaining ability. It gives the basis to carry them to rather drought-resistant apple varieties. The received results confirm a hypothesis that the apple varieties of local selection, created under the specific ecological conditions, are more resistant to all adverse and stressful factors inherited this zone. In our researches it is established that the studied apple varieties are more drought-resistant. The apple-tree Red Darya, Kuban Bagrian, Persikov, Renet Kuban, Pamyat Esaul and also less drought-resistant varieties Fudzhi, Interprays, Golden Bee, Red Chiv, Prikubanskoye and Renet Simierenko are needed additional watering for getting the big and stable fruits crops under the conditions of irregular rainfall. These varieties are perspective for intensive technologies of cultivation with use of a drop irrigation and they can be included in the assortment for creation of new apple-trees plantings in the Chechen Republic.
The scientifically reasonable application of clonal stocks is one of defining factors of increase of gardening efficiency, giving the possibility of creation of new ecologically safe technologies. Low growing trees are well adapted for intensive growing technologies, they has high productivity and high fruits quality. The purpose of this work is an assessment of cultivation efficiency of variety-rootstocks combinations of Liberty apple-tree on various low growing rootstocks in the intensive plantings under agrical and ecological conditions of Stavropol Region. The results of studying of growth and fructification of Liberty apple-tree clonal rootstocks of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Institute of Horticukture and Viticulture, the Buiynaksk Experimental Station, Donetsk selection, Crimean selection, Ist-Molling Experimental Station and the Don Institute breeding are given. The zoned M9 rootstock is served in a garden as a control. As a result of research the rootstocks for production test in the gardens with dense schemes of landings are allocated, they have fast fruit-bearing, high level of productivity and high quality of fruits. The fastest recoupment of expenditure of Liberty apple-tree cultivation is established on SK-2 rootstock (4,4 years). On total combination of advantages, revealed during research, the conclusion follows that the SK-2 rootstock is more perspective, than M9, for an apple-tree planting with the scheme of trees placement of 51 m under the conditions of Stavropol Region.