Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The grapevine for thousands years have been growing on the vast territory of the earth under different environmental conditions. The favorable climatic condition is the main factor for the successful cultivation of grapes. The native cultivars from different regions of cultivation is the most valuable part of world gene pool of the crop. The purpose of our work is to select the valuable genotypes of the autochthonous varieties with improved adaptive, economic and technological properties for high-quality wine-making (including not enough spreading and rare native varieties). The object of the research is indigenous Don variety of Makhrovatchik and control variety of Rkatsiteli. The research were conducted in 2008-2015 in an ampelographic collection of the All-Russian Research Ya.I. Potapenko Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking (Novocherkassk). The study was carried out using the modern and classic techniques. Having compared the agrobiological indicators, we note that the Makhrovatchik grapes by most indexes surpass the control variety of Rkatsiteli. Variety of Makhrovatchic has the higher percentages of buds break, coefficient of fruiting, average weight of bunches, productivity and yield capacity. Under the conditions of the micro winemaking the yield of the wort amounted to more than 65%. The wine has a pale straw color, the bright aroma with notes of wild herbs and flowers, the light honey tone, the taste substantial, rounded with long aftertaste. Wine tasting score is 8,6 points, that is the same level that control Rkatsiteli. Analysis of the results of long-term research has shown that Makhrovatchik grapes stands out by complex of agronomic characteristics with improved adaptive and technological properties for high-quality wine-making. Taking into account the facts above, we recommend the variety of Makhrovatchik for assortmen's expansion of production plantations under the conditions of the Lower Don Region.
The data on influence of lead cations on men's gametophyte of fruit crops are absent and it makes urgent the scientific pilot study of this problem. Experimental studying of resistance to stress of a men's gametophyt of fruit plants is possible when modeling the negative situations under the conditions "in vitro". The laboratory method of research of pollen growing up on artificial nutrient medium is wide spreading. In a number of research it is shown that viability of pollen under the conditions "in vitro" is significantly higher, than "in vivo". In the research for the experimental analysis of a hemo resistance of a men's gametophyt we used the pollen of 10 genotypes of a pear, 9 - cherries and 3 genotypes of sweet cherries. The analysis of functional activity of a men's gametofit of fruit crops was carried out by the modernized D.A. Trankovsky's technique, taking into account an indicator of growing up of pollen grains on the artificial nutrient medium under the conditions "in vitro". The laboratory analysis did not reveal the significant inhibiting influence of cations of heavy metals, on the example of lead salts, on functional activity of men's gametophyt of genotypes of a pear, cherry and sweet cherry. The positive effect of nitric food in a nitrate form on growing up "in vitro" of pear pollen grains is established. It means that the choice of nitrates of toxic metals as selective agents when studying a men's gametophyt of fruit plants is inadmissible. In the conclusion of article is noted that the level of impurity of the environment of chemical pollyutants significantly influences on the degree of fertility and viability of pollen of many species of fruit plants, therefore the morpho-physiological indicators of pollen grains noted in our research can be the marker signs of territories bioindication.
In the article the data on long-term breeding work with vinegrapes carried out in FSBRI "Orenburg ESH&V ARSTIH&N" are presented. Climatic conditions of the Pre-Ural steppe allow us to grow up the grapes of different varieties with high consumer properties and they are unique for a variety's study and grapes breeding. The primary study of a collection of grapes varieties of various ecological-geographical origin during the long period (more than 50 years) has shown that not all introduced varieties can realize completely the biological potential. It has been confirmed the need carrying out of breeding work for creation of the local varieties adapted to conditions of cultivation. An object of research is an ampelographic grapes collection of the Orenburg Experimental Station of Horticulture and Viticulture. Research were carried out by the standard techniques in wine growing. The thorough study of a genetic collection's forms is a basis for the breeding work that allows you to intensify the creation of adaptive and highly productive varieties. Special attention in a breeding process is spared to indicators of fruits quality and productivity. From a collection of the introduced variety and forms of grapes on a complex of productivite and its components, marketability and biochemical composition under the conditions of the Pre-Urals steppe the varieties of Osoby, Belorozovy, Augustine, Ranniy Magaracha, Tsimlodar, Agathe Donskoy, Kodryanka, Pamyat Dombkovskoy, Alyoshenkin Dar were selected. As a result of breeding work the new grapes varieties for conditions of the Pre-Urals steppe - Aleshenkin Dar, Pamyat Dombkovskoy, Podarok Shatilova (15-03-1) are received. The research conducted by us have shown that grapes of Orenburg ESH&V breeding have a high adaptation ability to conditions of vegetation and resistance to temperature stresses and deficit of moisture.
Adverse weather conditions promote the spreading of phytopathogenic microorganisms that in turn is the reason of thinner of gardens and uterine plantings. For satisfaction of needs for qualitative landing material it is necessary to use the rootstocks with high degree of resistance to an adverse effect of abiotic and biotic factors. The greatest economic danger has such widespread disease as an apple-tree scab. The purpose of work is screening on resistance to V. inaequalis of various rootstock's forms of an apple-tree under natural conditions of a garden for selection the most perspective forms on this sign. The objects of research are 72 rootstock's forms from a genetic collection of an apple-tree of Michurinsk Agricultural University. Microorganisms of Venturia inaequalis (Cocke) of Wint., Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl. and a bacterium from the sort of Pseudo-monas, selected from the sick tissue of plants, were studied under the conditions of clear culture. The assessment of a phytosanitary condition of uterine plantings was carried out according to the standard techniques visually, and also using the microscope methods and by testing for existence of an infection. On the basis of phytosanitary evaluation of clonal rootstocks of apple plantations is revealed an associative type of lesion by microbiota with dominate of Venturia inaegualis (Cocke) Wint. The role in the pathogenesis of microorganisms belonging to the association is established. The stability of a population of clonal apple rootstocks to scab on the natural infectious background of hybrid garden is studied. The genetic differentiation of forms on this trait is revealed. It is shown that over 80% of the genotypes have a minor lesion by scab - to 2 points. Symptoms of lesion are not observed in 5 % of genotypes. These forms we recommended for breeding and production.
The deliveries of pear fruits from abroad increase last time, therefore the problem of strengthening of local breeding on stability of pear varieties with improved flavoring and commodity qualities of fruits is urgent. The purpose of our research was the selection of new pear varieties with a complex of valuable signs for expansion of pear assortment in the Northern Caucasus. The results of long-term work on breeding and variety's study of pear in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. It is adduced the data on a damage rate of generative organs of plants by spring frosts and also it is selected the late blossoming varieties which are of interest to production and breeding use. It is shown that the Zolushka, the Lyuberskaya, the Malyshka, and elite 4-4-16 are high productive and they are recommended for industrial studying. The reaction of pear varieties on stressful conditions (drought) during forming and growth of fruits is adduced. The summer maturing varieties, which fruits don't react on high temperatures, develop well and slightly reduce the weight, are noted. The pear varieties with valuable indicators are selected and recommended for use in the breeding programs directed on creating of new varieties with the special signs. The short characteristic of the Malyshka and Assol pear varieties accepted in the State variety's testing is given. The promising pear varieties for industrial use in the South of Russia are recommended and these varieties will allow you to increase the orchards yield capacity for 14,2 % and to gain an additional income from fruits realization in the amount of 24,7 thousand rubles on hectare