Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The aim of the breeding work is to create a new early ripening table grape variety resistant to stress factors of biosphere. The paper presents the results of the study of new populations of hybrid grape varieties of different ripening dates obtained as a result of breeding at the Institute "Magarach". We study the populations (F1) from combinations of crossbreeding, where the mother forms are table varieties: 'Vostorg Krasny', 'Talisman', 'Flamingo', 'Flora'. The main features of maternal forms are early and medium maturity, female type of flower, large, ornate berries and frost resistance. In order to select the elite forms in the populations of seedlings of the same combination of crossbreeding, a number of observations and studies are carried out, to study the different manifestations of various traits of parental forms. The following parameters were studied: bunch and berry size, berry colour and shape, bunch weight, weight of 100 berries, weight of comb, seeds and their quantity in one berry, as well as indicators of potential productivity. In a preliminary study of grape populations obtained from crossbreeding of varieties of different origin, the following results were obtained: the selection form 'Flamingo' was identified as a source of the traits "high bunch weight" and "high berry weight"; the maximum potential productivity has the forms in the population of 'Talisman x Marquise'; a very high variability of the indicator of "100 berry weight" in the population of hybrid forms 'Talisman x Ctoletie' was noted, which indicates the presence of contrasting forms according to this sign and allows us to reliably select the best of them. As a result, the most promising forms and combinations of crosses have been identified, namely 'Flora x Ruby sidles' Magarach 34-11-7-34, Magarach 34-11-7-52 and in the crossing combination 'Talisman x Ctoletie' Magarach 31-11-5-47.
The territory of the Abkhazia Republic is recognized as one of the regions of the cultural vine origin. Here there are many native varieties and wild forms of grapes. The study of the grape gene pool at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to much more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. The purpose of this work is to study the wild-growing vines in Abkhazia. The search for wild forms of grapes was carried out in the Gudautskiy, Gagrskiy and Sukhumskiy districts of the Republic of Abkhazia, in areas remote and fairly isolated from cultivated vineyards. 7 samples were selected for the study. The description of the found vines by morphological characteristics has been carried out. DNA was extracted from the apical parts of vine shoots by the CTAB method. Genotyping was performed using 11 SSR markers: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, UDV737 and GF09-46. The amplified PCR reaction products were assessed by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, with following size determination using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of reference genotypes with known allelic composition. Statistical processing of microsatellite loci polymorphism data was performed using the GenAlEx 6.5 program. Analysis of the DNA profiles obtained in the international database of DNA passports of grape varieties do not show any coincidences. It is revealed that the three analyzed samples collected at one geographical point are identical in terms of DNA profiles and ampelographic description. One of the vines found is probably an interspecific hybrid. Statistical processing of microsatellite locus polymorphism data showed that the observed heterozygosity of the sample studied is slightly lower than the expected heterozygosity: 0.618 and 0.687 respectively.
Grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae is a small invasive sucking insect that has a significant physical and economic impact the cultivation of grapes. The harmfulness of the root form of phylloxera is different for European and American varieties. It causes much more damage to European varieties. This pathogen was introduced to Europe on American rootstocks, originally imported to the continent as a resistant material for the control of powdery mildew and downy mildew. In France, in 1868, a vermin ravaged the French wine industry, destroying more than 1 million hectares of non-grafted vineyards. The vermin evolved together with the North American varieties Vitis spp. And genetic resistance to this pathogen exists in several species of rapes from this group. Molecular genetic markers bring many new techniques and make a great contribution to the biological sciences, especially agriculture. The marker-assisted selection method is particularly promising for the breeding of perennial crops. Currently, a number of genes responsible for resistance to phylloxera, designated as Rdv1-8, have been identified. Rdv1-3 genes were identified in the V. cinerea, and Rdv6-8 genes is in the M. rotundifolia. The Rdv3 and Rdv4 genes affect resistance to leaf phylloxera. The use of existing ways and the latest advances in molecular and genomic methods could lead to the creation of varieties that are immune to the root form of phylloxera. Grape breeding using complex interspecific crosses make possibility to combine resistance to diseases and vermins, crop quality and resistance to abiotic stresses.
The results are shown of the study of hybrid forms of technical direction grapes in order to distinguish some of them into the elite. Phenological, agrobiological, uvological and biochemical indexes were studied of these hybrids, the recommendations were given for their use in the wine-making process. It was found that the amount of phenolic substances in the wort from grape hybrid forms significantly exceeds than that in the control variety. The low content of nitrogenous substances in the berry juice of these hybrids was also determined, which indicates a low probability of the so-called "suffocation" of the future wine. The studied technical hybrid forms have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.1-1.4, the fruitfulness coefficient was 1.5-1.6, and the yield per bush was 7.5 kg on average. In the studied technical hybrid forms in 2020, a good growth rate of up to 75 % was observed, they are much superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches of the control variety. This is especially true for the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. The results studied allow to suggest that these elite hybrid forms in the near future can be transferred to the State variety testing. Since the requirements for technical grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines in the manufacture of which they can be used, the breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking carry out long-term work. It is aimed at breeding new high-quality adapted to local climatic conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera.
The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and varietal study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The purpose of the research is to allocate the most valuable by a set of features representatives of the genus Malus for further use in breeding on a base of the study of their biological features of the growth and fruiting in the conditions of the south of Russia. The study of the biological potential of the productivity of apple genotypes obtained from heteroploid crossings made it possible to conclude about the breeding value of both triploid varieties and forms and diploid. According to the results of multi-year studies, apple genotypes with high yields are allocated (34.92-36.92 t/ha), including triploids: Gin, 12/1-20-59 and diploid variety Granatovoe; all dedicated genotypes from the Idared x Balsgard 0247E family. Higher indicators of the specific productivity of the canopy volume (SPCV), reliably exceeding control, are marked in genotypes with different chromosomal set created with the participation of the triploid Balsgard 0247E. Diploids with high specific productivity of the canopy volume Granatovoe (19.49 kg/m³) and 12/1-20-4 (12.89 kg/m³) are allocated, also triploid variety Gin (13.07 kg/m³) is selected. At the level of control of the SPCV is in large-fruited, high-quality elite forms: 12/1-20-59 and 12/1-20-80. According to the results of multi-year studies, large-fruited elite forms are allocated: 12/1-20-59, 12/1-20-80 and immune to the scab variety Granatovoe, high-yielding, with attractive bright coloring fruits, with a high fruit tasting assessment (4.7-4.8 points), which are promising for inclusion in the future in breeding programs to combine increased productivity indicators, adaptability to the complex of abiotic and biotic stress factors of the cultivation region, high commercial indicators of the quality of fruits.