Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The results of scientific research work on varieties studying of a pear in the North Caucasian Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. Data about features of development of new pear varieties are adduced. According to results of research the perspective varieties Velesa, Geya, Bere Krasnokutskaya, Skromnitsa etc. are allocated and they can be recommended for testing under the conditions of the South of Russia in the industrial and farmer production and in the personal subsidiary farms. The obtained results are interested to a preliminary estimate of perspective pear varieties under Krasnodar conditions. The new large-fruited varieties, with high flavoring fruits and commodity advantages, combined with a high agrical technology, can give the fruits yield to 30 t/hectare. It is shown that fruits of some pear varieties can be stored under the suitable conditions during all winter period. They can be cultivated at the lower pesticide loads.
The effectiveness of cherry breeding is largely determined by the presence of the extensive genetic potential of this culture and the correct selection and use of donors and sources of value traits. The main purpose of research is an improvement of assortment of sweet cherry due to creation of new varieties and combining in their genotype the complex of positive traits with a high level of adaptability. The research were carried out on considerable varietal and hybrid materials at the experimental sweet cherrys orchards. Using a wide variety of genetic traits, we have obtained a breeding material, which serves as the basis for allocation of promising new sweet cherries varieties. The regularities of traits inheritance of large fruits and covering color of fruits are defined. The donors and sources of new economic and valuable traits are allocated. Using the donors and sources of valuable features and modern methods of breeding a series of new sweet cherries varieties is created in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. These varieties correspond to the modern requirements of intensive gardening and allow to create the conveyor of high-quality fruits of early maturing. The majority of the specified varieties are going to the state test now.
For keeping of quality and increase of adaptability of classical technical grapes varieties under the conditions of high repeatability of low-temperature stresses in the Southern Federal District the method of clonal selection is effective. This method allows to improve the adaptive potential of the introduced varieties for winemaking of high quality. Research objective is selection of the allocated clones of Saperavy grapes with hereditarily fixed traits of high productivity, the quality of wine production, the resistance to frosts, diseases and wreckers. The research were conducted using the agric and biological techniques which are recognized in the world practice and widely used in the grapes breeding. Four protoclones FS 118-4, FS 104-48, FS 8-26, FS 90-5 were allocated on the average weight of bunches and a crop from a bush. Noted protoclones surpassed an average index of productivity on 12-14 %. When air temperature falls in 2012 to -20C the greatest resistance to frosts showed FS 79-12, FS 104-48, FS 83-49, FS 96-39, FS 85-46, FS 104-3 protoclones (by quantity of the blossoming buds). The FS 58-46 protoclone showed the complex resistance to harmful organisms. On a complex of agribiological and adaptive indicators the protoclones of Saperavy grapes 8-26, 83-49, 90-5, 104-3, 146-17, 104-48, 118-4 are perspective for reproduction and wide practical application in the industrial production.
Now in Russia the production of new types of wines is developing, for preparation of them the careful selection of assortment is necessary. Wine produktion has to conform to high requirements and differ consumer properties that in the production of qualitative wines are shown at certain agribiological and economic combinations of variety. Agribiological and economic and valuable features of perspective grapes variety of the technical direction Pamyat Zotkinoy of the Anapas Zonal Experimental station of Viticulture and Winemaking (ZESV&W) selection are shown in the article. The research, directed on definition of indicators of fructification of Pamyat Zotkinoy grapes, were carried out on vineyards of Experimental Industrial Enterprise "Anapa" of the Anapas area at the scheme of plants landing is 2,5×1,5 by m. The organoleptic assessment of the young wine made from grapes was carried out by a tasting method. Data of the conducted research allowed to give to studied variety a total characteristic on indicators of productivity and harvest (6-8 kg from a bush) and sugar capacity (20 g / 100 cm3). The variety has a high tolerance to a phylloxera. It is established that the wine prepared from studied grapes variety has the high organoleptic properties delicate, bright, original flavor, especially in the dessert version, with a tasting assessment 8,9 points. The conclusion follows that the grapes variety Pamyat Zotkinoy of the technical direction, created at the Anapa Experimental Station, is capable to give qualitative raw materials for production of competitive wines.
Climate change had led to evaporability increase during the winter and spring periods in Nonchernozem, Chernozem and Southern zones of Russia. Assessment of air environment and plants condition on January till April is characterized by evaporability on N.N. Ivanovs formula. It was defined that the highest evaporability during the winter and spring periods occurs in an average zone of Russia at positive temperatures of April. The value of evaporation is 50% of total amount from November to April, 20% on March and 30% for the period from November to February. Injuriousness of this phenomenon is associated with violation of a water mode of fruit plants. For the solution of this problem in gardening it is necessary to estimate an indicator of winter hardiness of plants by level of transpiration losses determined by value of an evaporability. On the practical term the developed actions have to be directed on decrease of water losses by introduction of varieties combining together with sufficient frost resistance and high water-retaining ability of annual shoots of wood cultures and leaves of grassy plants. The last trait should be supported by timely and correct application of known agrical technics according to the maintenance of soil and according to the works in the plantings of fruit and berry crops. By results of research the conclusion is drawn: it is necessary to estimate fully and accurately the activity of plants under the changed climatic conditions. The more perfect and high-quality selection of assortment of fruit and berry crops will be made as a result.