Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
For more accurate assessment of the hybridization prospects of native varieties, it is expedient to evaluate its effectiveness. For practical work following evaluation parameters are used: setting ability of seeds during self-pollination and cross pollination; effectiveness of pollination; biological effectiveness of hybridization; breeding effectiveness. The study included: as female forms 10 native varieties of Crimea with a functional female type of flower; as male forms the pollen of 25 complex interspecific hybrids, 7 varieties of the West European ecological-geographical group and 9 autochthonous varieties of the Don. Analysis of the results in the context of years showed that the most successful according to the parameters of crossbreeding were 2012 and 2016, and the least favorable were 2015 and 2018. Considering the parameters of seed germination with the participation of various native varieties, high data variability is noted. In the crosscombinations with the participation of Aibatly and Khersonesskii varieties, the average number of seedlings per one cross-combination has a very low level 7.2-16.2 pcs. Moreover, the seedlings obtained from fully formed seeds amount a very high percentage more than 60. The female form Tashly stands out, as it provides in hybridization the maximum number of seedlings per 1 combination of crossing, more than 100 pcs. The average percentage of seedlings obtained from full seeds is very low 30.7, and the maximum level is 48 %. A group of varieties including Kefesiya, Kok Pandas and Tashly, was selected and demonstrates high hybridization efficiency in intraspecific crossing and in crossing with complex interspecific hybrids. Varieties Sary Pandas and Misgiuli Kara are distinguished by low setting ability of seeds, however, the biological effectiveness of hybridization remains at the level of group 1. We can confirm that female parent varieties Sary Pandas and Misgiuli Kara are specific in issues of crossing ability and viability of hybrid seeds.
The purpose of the research was to study comprehensively the group of Don autochthonous grapevine varieties with a view to justify the feasibility of introducing them into the assortment of vineyards in the Rostov Region for the production of wines of protected appellation of origin districts. The research was conducted in 2015-2019 at the Potapenko Don ampelographic collection (Novocherkassk). The object of the research were autochthonous Don grapevine varieties: Belobulaniy, Kumshatskiy Beliy, Champanchik Tsimlyanskiy, Champanchik2, Sypun Cherniy, Stariy Goryun and Bessergenevsky No. 5; Sibirkoviy was a control for white varieties, Krasnostop Zolotovsky for red ones. Varieties were studied in grafted culture on Cober 5BB rootstock. Covered grapevine culture was used without watering. The planting scheme was 3.0 x 1.5 m. Kumshatsky Beliy had the highest average mass of a bunch 408 g. The varieties of Belobulaniy and Kumshatskiy Beliy had a very high estimated yield (17 t/ha or more). The varieties of Champanchik Tsimlyanskiy and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy had a very high sugar content of berry juice (more than 23 g/100 cm3). High degustation evaluations were given to table dry wines from the varieties of Kumshatskiy Beliy, Belobulaniy (at the level of the control grade Sibirkoviy 8.8 points), and the Sipun Cherniy variety (8.8 points), the control Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety had 8.9 points. Based on the results of the study we conclude that the total positive agronomic traits and the quality of wine production of white technical grapevines of Kumshatskiy Beliy, Belobulanniy, and red technical Sipun Cherniy variety are promising varieties for introducing to the assortment of vineyards of the Lower Don area, to expand the range of quality wines of protected appellations of origin.
Climate change poses the challenge of adapting the viticulture to the new natural resource potential of the regions. A necessary condition for this is the assessment and analysis of current trends in the agrobiological characteristics of varieties. The purpose of the research was to determine the agrobiological parameters under the conditions of the Lower Don Region and to give a technological assessment of wine materials from the Rhenish Riesling, Italian Riesling, and Muscat Riesling varieties in comparison with the control Rkatsiteli variety. The research was carried out in 2016-2018 at the Ya.I. Potapenko Don ampelographic collection (Novocherkassk). Riesling variety had the largest yield (12.5 t/ha), Italian Riesling was in second position (9.5 t/ha), and Rhenish Riesling was at the level of the control variety of Rkatsiteli (5.6 t/ha). The studied varieties of physical and chemical indicators of wine materials met the requirements of State Regulations. The sugar content of the berry juice was medium and high, and the titrated acidity was medium. The studied wines received tasting ratings from 8.6 to 8.9 points, the control variety Rkatsiteli 8.5-8.6 points. Wine of the varieties Italian Riesling and Rhine Riesling received the highest tasting scores. The Muscat Riesling is not as famous as the Rhenish Riesling and the Italian Riesling, however, the quality of the wine was estimated from 8.6 to 8.7 points. It can be concluded that the studied grape varieties Rhenish Riesling, Italian Riesling and Muscat Riesling have adapted well to the conditions of the Lower Don Region, and are superior to the control variety Rkatsiteli in terms of main economic and valuable characteristics. Wines from these varieties were distinguished by elegant, pale straw color, well-developed aroma, with clearly traced varietal characteristics.
Studies of the introduced German technical Monarch grape variety were carried out in the Black Sea agro-ecological zone of viticulture in the Krasnodar Territory. In unstable weather conditions, the duration of the growing season from blooming buds to the full physiological maturity of grape berries was 135 days in 2018, and in 2019 was 125 days. The variety showed the signs of an adaptive response to changing weather conditions. With an acute deficit of precipitation and a slow increase in air temperature in 2018, the duration of the second phase of the vegetation from the beginning of bud blooming to the beginning of flowering was 11 days longer. The significant difference in the duration of the second and third phases of vegetation is explained by the adaptive reaction of the introduced variety to lower air temperature in late May and early June in 2018. The difference in average daily air temperature during the period of active shoot growth and at the beginning of flowering reached 4.6 ºC, the amount of precipitation was 4.3 times less, that promoted the accelerated ripening of grapes in 2018. The maximum air temperature on average during the ripening period of grape berries was equal to 33 º in 2018, and 31 º in 2019. The amount of precipitation was 3.3 times less than normal. The high adaptive reaction of the technical Monarch grape variety is of great practical importance for use in scientific purposes and in industrial production when creating the stable ampelocenoses in unstable weather conditions of Southern Russia.
Study of phenology of universal grape variety Podarok Dmitria were carried out in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture in the Krasnodar Territory. According to the data of research the variety shows the signs of earlymedium ripening and adaptive response under unstable weather conditions in the temperate continental climate of Southern of Russia. The signs of adaptation of this variety were most manifested during the ripening period of grape berries. The duration of the ripening period of grape berries in atypical weather conditions in 2018 was 17 days, 13 days less than in 2019. The accelerated ripening of grape berries was promoted by high solar insolation and an acute deficit of precipitation. The average daily air temperature in this period in 2018 was 3.5 C higher than in 2019 and 1.8 C higher than the average long-term norm. The amount of precipitation in 2018 was 13.5 times less than in 2019, 7.8 times less than the norm and amounted to 3.7 mm. In 2019, the low air temperature at the beginning of the growing of studied grape variety compared to 2018 contributed to a restrained bud opening, growth of shoots and inflorescences. A sharp warming in late May-early June contributed to an earlier start of plant flowering. The low temperature in the second half of the growing season compared to 2018 and the average longterm norm slowed down the physiological processes and made longer the periods of growth of grape berries.