Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
Plant diversity is maintained in the global collections of genetic resources. These collections are extremely valuable source of potentially useful genes required to obtain more productive varieties better adapted to environmental conditions. The our research objective was to determine the biological and qualitative indicators of an aboriginal Georgian winemaking white grapes variety of Goruli Mtsvane. The research was carried out in 2010-2014 on ampelographic collection of "All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko". Rkatsiteli variety was used as a control. The study was carried out using the modern and classical techniques. After comparative study of biological varieties indicators, we conclude that the variety of Gorali Mtsvane exceeds the control Rkatsiteli variety for the most of the indicators. It has higher productivity and yields, ripens a week earlier, has a higher sugar content and lower titratable acidity. In terms of micro-winemaking the output of must from Gorali Mtsvane was more than 60%. The must had a high degree of clarification and sufficient supply of extractive and aromatic substances involved in the formation of wine taste and their substances can be preserved for a long time. Wine was clear with gloss of light straw color, it has a harmonious fragrance with notes of wild herbs, the taste is full, harmonious with long pleasant aftertaste. Wine tasting score is 8,6-8,7, that is at the same level or above the control variety. By results of carried out research the grapes variety of Goruli Mtsvane is recommended for production plantings to change the Rkatsiteli grapes, which is not always standard under our conditions.
One of the reserves of increase in efficiency of viticulture and wine-making industry is the right selection of varieties for different regions of grapes cultivation. Within Crimea not only areas suitable on climatic conditions for the grapes cultivation are allocated, but also within these areas the specific climate viticultural areas are allocated too. The objective existence of such ecological and geographical zones determines the need for the proper selection and placement of grapes varieties that have the specific features in terms the ultimate wine and vine production. Thus, the important direction in improving and expanding of the raw material base of wine, increase in the output of high-quality and environmentally friendly products, with reducing of the costs of its production, is an introduction in assortment of technical grapes varieties of new breeding, that have more effective economic indicators. A good representative of the varieties group of new generation is "Tsitronny Magaracha" of National Research Institute for Vine and Wine breeding. The biological and economical characteristics of the "Tsitronny Magaracha" were studied under the conditions of the Alushta Valley. It was found the testing cultivar surpass the control grapes of Rkatsitely on the indices of the yield quality and sugar accumulation. The adaptation coefficient for the cultivar was calculated (Ka = 77,5), leading to a conclusion that this variety is suitable enough for cultivation in the studied zone. A tasting evaluation of wine materials from the grapes "Tsitronnyi Magaracha" and "Rkatsiteli" was carried out. The cultivar "Tsitronny Magaracha"produced wines with the highest scores (7.75 and 7.8) when they have been made into semi-dry and semi-sweet types, respectively. The results obtained by organoleptic testing of produced wine materials have shown that even after six months of wine materials store they have the floral aroma and high quality.
The important part in the achievement of good results in the modern production technologies of fruits is assigned to type of rootstock. The influence of a rootstock begins with the inoculation moment in the nursery and continues during the life of a tree. This influence affects the force of growth of grafted trees, their fast productivity and quality of the received production and durability of plantings. The most effective way of decrease in force of an apple-tree growth is use of dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks. The majority of requirements to rootstocks for intensive gardening were formulated by Gavreel Vladimirovich Trusevich still in the 80-th years of the last century. In the article it is noted that the special attention in the research of G.V. Trusevich's pupils and followers is given to an assessment of adaptability of apple rootstocks to abiotic stressors and their influence on productivity of scion-rootstocks combinations under the certain soil and climatic conditions. The research conclusions formed the basis for zoning of apple-tree rootstocks of the SK series in the North Caucasus. Now at the State register of breeding achievements there are 6 rootstocks of the SK series (North Caucasus) created by G.V. Trusevich with employees. It is shown that these rootstocks successfully compete with introduced species because in the processes of their creation and breeding the specific conditions of regional gardening are considered. The data of this article convincingly show that rootstocks of SK series positively influence on drought resistance, heat resistance and winter hardiness of the grafted apple-tree trees. These rootstocks continue to be actively demanded; they are successfully used in the new intensive technologies of cultivation of apple-tree industrial plantings and substantially define their high efficiency.
The results of the two stage study of apple-tree rootstocks on the irrigated plot of "Caspian scientific research institute of arid agriculture" are presented in the article. The purpose of the presented research consisted in the study and selection of apple-tree rootstocks with higher adaptative potential to arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region. As a result of study the high-adapted middle grown rootstocks 54-118 and 57-545 are selected and also semi-dwarfish rootstocks of 62-396, SK2, SK5 and dwarfish rootstocks of P60, CK3, CK4 characterized by high frost resistance of root system and drought resistance, good survival and compatibility with various apple-tree varieties. Over years of research the survival of rootstocks in the apple-tree collection nursery was good and averaged 87,8 %. Layers of an apple-tree of M9, M26, M4 and CK5 have had an absolute survival. The most powerful development and high number of standard rootstocks have P59 and P60 dwarf rootstocks, semi-dwarf rootstocks of 62-396 and SK2 and middle dwarf rootstocks of 54-118 and 57-545. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region the high survival of the leading zoned apple-tree varieties on the studied vegetative reproduced rootstocks (79-100 %) is established. The apple rootstocks of 62-396, SK3, R60, SK2, SK5, M9 had a rather good safety of survival buds (82-90%). Their safety was high at the middle grown rootstocks of 54-118, 57-545 (94,4-100%). The high quantity of saplings have had the combinations of apple varieties with rootstocks of P60, P59, 62-396, 54-118, CK2, CK3, CK7 (75-100%), low sapling quantity have had a superdwarf PB-4 rootstocks (59%), and also a dwarfish rootstock of P16 (60,5%).
In the southern zone of fruit growing in recent years among the stone fruit crops one of the leading places is occupied by sweet cherry. However the variety structure of sweet cherry industrial plantings often doesn't correspond to scientific recommendations. The analysis of industrial assortment in the gardens of the region showed that 40% is a share of the zoned varieties, 60% is a share of the varieties which didn't pass variety's study in a cultivation zone. The results of long-term work on breeding and variety study of sweet cherry crop in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in this article. The priority directions of breeding research are shown, basic directions of which are: breeding on winter hardiness, resistance to the main fungal diseases, biological efficiency, early and late terms of maturing, improvement of quality and commodity of fruits. Value of initial forms at various stages of creation of new varieties is established. By results of research the donors and the sources of valuable traits which are recommended for use in various breeding programs directed on improvement of varieties are selected. Also the perspective varieties of sweet cherry for industrial production of fruits under the conditions of the South of Russia for intensive technologies of cultivation are recommended. As a result of breeding work with use of a wide diversity of genetic traits in the collection of NCRRIH&V the new varieties allowed to create the conveyor of receiving of high-quality fruits of sweet cherry in the southern zone of gardening within 1,5 months (May-June) were created, 8 varieties from which pass the State test, 12 varieties are included in the State Register of breeding achievements in a zone of the North Caucasus.