Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the article presents the results of the study of quality indicators of wine grape varieties with intensively colored flesh Pamyati Golodrigi, Krasen and Nika, cultivated in the southern coastal and western foothill-coastal zones of Crimea. Studies were conducted in 2020-2021. Under different conditions of cultivation, the varieties under study show varietal specificity. Analysis of the indicator �average grape bunch weight� allows us to state that under the conditions of the southern coastal zone of Crimea, varieties Pamyati Golodrigi (control) and Krasen form a larger bunch, while the grape variety Nika has the opposite trend. Agroclimatic conditions of the western foothill-coastal zone of the Crimea favor high accumulation of sugars in berries grapes all presented varieties (Pamyati Golodrigi � 24.0 g/100 cm3 , Krasen � 25.1 g/100 cm3 , Nika � 23.6 g/100 cm3 ), as well as high synthesis of phenolic compounds compared to the Southern coastal zone: Krasen variety accumulates an average of 310.3 m/100 g against 278.2 mg/100 g (Southern coastal zone), Nika � 368.85 mg/100 g against 339.7 mg/100g (Southern coastal zone), slightly superior to the control variety. Red dessert and liqueur wines were prepared from the yield of the studied varieties in 2020-2021. The tasting score of the liqueur wine material from Krasen (western foothill-coastal zone of the Crimea) was 7.78 and 7.88 points, and the wine material from this variety (southern coastal zone) received 7.83 and 7.88 points. Dessert wine material from the Nika variety (western foothill-coastal zone of the Crimea) scored 7.74 and 7.79, and wine material from the southern coastal zone scored 7.76 and 7.79. Samples of wine materials from the yield of the presented varieties by the totality of characteristics are promising, being at the level of the control variety Pamyati Golodrigi. The higher quality of wine materials prepared from the yield of the studied varieties, collected in the southern coastal zone of Crimea, which is probably due to the component composition of the phenolic complex

Annotation

Both for the processing industry and for recommendations to consumers, a comprehensive study of the qualitative characteristics of berries of grape varieties and forms in specific natural and climatic conditions, including chemical composition, becomes important. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the main chemical components of the gene pool collection of grape varieties growing in the conditions of the Central chernozem region (Michurinsk). The studies were conducted in the period 2017-2021. Berries of the varieties grown on the experimental sites of the Laboratory of Private Genetics and Breeding of the I.V. Michurin Federal Research Center were used as objects of research. The collection is represented by varieties of various species origin obtained in Russia, Ukraine, USA, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary. Chemical analyses of the fruit were carried out on the basis of the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Food Technologies of the FSBSI �I.V. Michurin FSC� according to the standard methods: the content of soluble solids � refractometrically; the content of the sum of sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid � by titrimetric methods; anthocyanins � by pH-differential spectrophotometry, mineral elements � by capillary electrophoresis. Valuable genotypes with improved parameters of the chemical composition of fruits have been identified: total sugar content (above 18.0 %) � Kishmish koktail, Rozalia; high sugar-acid index (above 35) � Vostorg, Baklanovskiy, Rozalia, Elf; ascorbic acid content (above 10.0 mg/100 g) � Asya, Denisovskiy, Kishmish vengerskiy, Platovsky; anthocyanins (above 70.0 mg/100 g) � Denisovskiy, Agat donskoy; mineral substances � Kodryanka (K+ � 144.2 mg/100 g, Na+ � 2.0 mg/100 g, Mg2+ � 9.3 mg/100 g, Ca2+ � 19.6 mg/100 g)

Annotation

The article presents the results of many years of scientific research on the selection of hybrid forms of grapes into the elite during breeding work at the Anapa zonal experimental station of viticulture and wine-making. These hybrids are studied at the hybrid site to identify a complex of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits and properties that exceed standard varieties. The ultimate goal is to create new promising zoned varieties. The bush training system is a vertical trellis. The formation is standard, cordon type �Spiral cordon AZOS-1�. The feeding area is 3.5 x 2.0 m. The relief of the site is flat-lying, the slope of the south-western exposure. Three elite forms of the technical direction of use are distinguished: K-73-1 (F/U Dzhemete x Krasnostop Anapskiy) � the form of the average ripening period; K-74-17 (F/U Dzhemete x Krasnostop Anapskiy) � the average ripening period; K-74-24 (Cabernet Franc x F/U Dzhemete) � the form of average ripening period. On the studied elite hybrid forms of the technical direction of use, the following researches were carried out: phenological observations, agrobiological records, morphological and biochemical analyses. Among the elite hybrid forms of the technical direction of use, the highest fruitfulness coefficient k1 is in K-74-24 � 1,4, and the lowest in K-73-1 � 1,1. The studied forms are slightly superior i n the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety, especially the ratios of stems and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. Based on morphological and chemical analyses, the studied technical elite hybrid forms of grapes are recommended for making wine in dry and dessert versions, since they have a high glucoacidometric index and the content of phenolic substances in the must.

Annotation

The authors of the article show the results of studies of several new places of growing wild forms of grapes in the Krasnodar region, namely on the territory of the state nature reserve �Utrish�, the nature reserve �Red Forest�, in the forests and floodplain of the Psebeps river of the Crimean district. In the Utrish Nature Reserve, grape populations were discovered and studied in the tracts: Waterfall Gap, Wide Gap and Lobanova Gap. During the expeditions, ecological and geographical characteristics of the habitats of wild forms of grapes were given, a complete description of the vegetation of the studied ecotopes was carried out, as well as morphological and biological qualitative and quantitative indicators (more than 40 units) of wild grapes, as well as their phytosanitary condition were studied in detail. When analyzing scientific literature data, it was found that there is insufficient scientific information on the ecological c onditions of growth and biological features of both the genus Vitis L. and the entire Vitaceae Juss family. This is especially true of Kuban wild plants, feral forms and autochthons of grapes. In this regard, there is an urgent need for this study. The study of wild grapes was carried out using route- reconnoitering, geobotanical, ampelographic, analytical methods. As a result, the variability of many morphological indicators of the vegetative and generative spheres of wild grape plants was found to varying degrees, both at the interpopulation and endogenous levels. Populations, as well as individual grape plants, differ in: the shape of the leaf blade, the openness of the tip of the young shoot, the degree of weblike cotton of the crown of the young shoot, the depth of the upper lateral clippings of the leaf, the degree of cotton of the underside of the leaf, etc. The following pathogens were detected on wild grape forms: Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burrill, Phomopsis viticola Sacc., Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc. Damage to the leaf apparatus was found from following pests: Colomerus vitis Pgst. (grape bud mite), Metcalfa pruinosa Say. (flatid planthopper), and polyphagous leaf-eating insects.

Annotation

The aroma of fruits is an important consumer trait of strawberry varieties. Among the most important aromatic substances contained in strawberry fruits is γ-decalactone, which has a peach-like, fruity sweet aroma. The present study shows the results of the molecular genetic analysis of strawberry varieties and selected forms created in the "I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center", according to the FaFAD1 gene involved in the biosynthesis of γ-decalactone, to identify promising genotypes for breeding to fruit aroma. The biological objects of the study were strawberry varieties and selected forms of the breeding "I.V. Michurin FSC": Lastochka, Privlekatelnaya, Urozhaynaya CGL, Feyyerverk, Flora, Yarkaya, 26-5 (Rubinovyy kulon × 298-19-9-43), 56-5, 56-8 (Gigantella Maxim × Privlekatelnaya), 61-12 (Bylinnaya × Olimpiyskaya nadezhda), 72-25 (Privlekatelnaya ×Bylinnaya), 928-12 (298-19-9-43 × Privlekatelnaya), 932-29 (F. virginiana subsp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt × Feyyerverk) and 298-19-9-43 (FB2 F. orientalis Los., F. moschata Duch., F. × ananassa Duch.). Genomic DNA extraction was carried out from young leaves according to the modified CTAB method. The FaFAD1 gene was identified with dominant DNA marker FaFAD1. As the result of the molecular genetic research, the following strawberry selected forms, promising for breeding to improved fruit aroma, were identified: 72-25 (Privlekatelnaya × Bylinnaya), 56-8 (Gigantella Maxim × Privlekatelnaya), 61-12 (Bylinnaya × Olimpiyskaya nadezhda), which are characterized by the presence of a functional allele of the FaFAD1 gene. The strawberry selected form 72-25 (Privlekatelnaya × Bylinnaya) is additionally characterized by the presence of the FaOMT gene in the heterozygous state, so this form is a complex source of fruit aroma genes (FaOMT and FaFAD1).