Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The gene pool of grapes of the Anapa zonal experimental station of Viticulture and Wine-making (AZESV&W) includes introduced varieties from various ecological and geographical places of growth, which are used annually in breeding work. Plant breeders of the Station are actively searching for new sources of economically valuable traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors on the ampelographic collection of genetic resources of grape culture. The proposed article contains the main results of scientific research on the identification of new sources of breeding-valuable traits among grape varieties of ampelocollection. The objects of research were grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin from the AZESV&W gene pool. Traditional and improved breeding programs and methods were used in the study. As a result of the research, some features of the reaction of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical groups and maturation periods to atypical conditions of the growing season of 2021 have been revealed. There are 4 sources of valuable traits among grape varieties, namely, one variety for phylloxerostability Pierrel; two varieties for large-berry trait the Daughter of Nimrang and Arkadiya; seedlessness Pamyat Dombkovskoy. The main purpose of this kind of research is the creation of new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing an increase in the hardiness of the agrocenosis and the stability of fruiting, the introduction of which into production can increase the profitability of growing grapes by increasing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the yield. These source varieties are annually examined for phenological and agrobiological characteristics. Varieties with high indicators of economically valuable traits are actively used in hybridization to obtain new high-quality grape varieties.
In 2011-2021 as a result of the assessment of the gene pool of fruit, small fruit crops, nut-fruited crops and grapes were identified 286 sources of economically valuable traits (resistance to the main fun-gal diseases of fruit, small fruit crops and nut crops, high decorativeness of fruit crops and grapes, self-fertility of cherries and sweet cherries, weak growth of rootstocks, suitability for mechanized harvesting, as well as winter hardiness, large-fruits, productivity of small fruit crops, remontant of strawberries, weak shedding of fruits and dessert taste of honeysuckle, high regenerative capacity after pruning sea buckthorn), including 155 fruit crops (apple trees 81 pcs., pears 11, domestic plums 15, cherry plums 13, apricots 6, cherries 17, sweet cherries 7, sweet cherry rootstocks 5 pcs. .) and 122 samples of small fruit crops (strawberry 19 pcs., black currant 19; red currant 4; gooseberry 35; raspberry 19; blue honeysuckle 11; sea buckthorn 15 pcs.), as well as 7 pcs. of walnut and 2 of grapes. Selected samples of fruit, small fruit crops, nut-fruited crops and grapes are described according to the classifier with a variant of the unified passport descriptors of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources (FAO / ECPGR) for maintaining a passport database and placing information in the international European catalogue of gene pool samples EURISCO. The obtained passports can be used for further research work, as well as identification of samples in subjects of various forms of ownership, scientific and educational institutions.
Control of varietal purity of planting material is a significant factor affecting the productivity of horticultural farms. SCoT markers (Start Codon Targeted) can be attributed to modern methods for monitoring the varietal purity of seedlings of fruit crops, which have the prospect of being introduced into wide practice. In this connection, based on the prospects of using SCoT markers in the identification of plant material, work was carried out to select effective combinations of SCoT markers. An approach based on the creation of markers from two SCoT primers was used to increase the number of possible marking options. The aim of this work was to select combinations of SCoT mark-ers that are promising for apple DNA fingerprinting, which in the future will allow the best combinations to be used in the identification of planting material. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of combinations of SCoT-markers to identify representatives of the genus Malus. The 18 SCoT markers were grouped into 68 combinations based on the preliminary assessment. The selection of effective combinations of markers was carried out according to a number of necessary criteria, such as the high quality of DNA finger-prints and a significant number of polymor-phic amplified DNA fragments. These characteristics are especially significant in the genetic assessment of closely related genotypes. The requirements for the quality of DNA fingerprints increase significantly, due to the large number of identical DNA fragments. About 45 % of the combinations were successful and were selected for fur-ther work as promising. The approbation carried out in the work made it possible to identify promising markers among 68 used ones. Selected DNA markers can be useful in a variety of areas, including the genetic identification of accessions, the analysis of the genetic homogeneity of plants obtained through micropropagation, as well as for performing research on the study of the genetic relationships of accessions.
The reaction norm of grapes of introduced varieties convar pontica negr Rkatsiteli and Saperavi in terms of yield capacity parameters to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The stud-ies were carried out in the period from 1997 to 2011 in unstable conditions of a moder-ate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture subzone (BS1, Taman Peninsula) of the Krasnodar region on southern chernozems. By the years of research, the air temperature varied in a wide range: from 7.2 to 24.4 during budbreak, shoot and inflorescences growth; from 15.5 to 23.3 during flower-ing; from 19.2 to 28.7 during active growth of grape berries; from 16.6 to 25.6 during grape ripening; from 5.8 to 28.7 ºC during vegetation. In some years, the temperature went beyond the optimal values and reached a critical level. The absolute max-imum temperature during the period of active growth of grapes raised to +38 ºC. The studied varieties experienced stress three times during wintering with a de-crease in the minimum air temperature in 1997 and 2002 to 20 ºC, 2006 -24 ºC. The reaction norm according to the yield capacity parameters of the Rkatsiteli grape variety is 77, Saperavi 113 c/ha in unsta-ble weather conditions. The modification variability of the yield capacity of grapes of the Rkatsiteli and Saperavi varieties was most influenced by the air tempera-ture from the second decade of June to the end of August during the period of active growth of grape berries starting immedi-ately after flowering (r = -0.69, -0.22). The average and moderate dependence of yield capacity was also on the minimum temperature in June-October of the previ-ous year (r = -0.48, -0.51). This relation-ship is determined by favorable conditions for the initiation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences for the next year's yield. The relationship of yield capacity with the total precipitation was noted during the period of active growth of grape berries (June-August). The effect of precipitation on the yield capacity at other times was insignificant.
Currently, domestic grape varieties are gaining more and more popularity in the world. And rosé wines are increasing their market share every year. At the beginning of 2022, Roskachestvo awarded the first place in the rating of rosé table wines to the dry rosé Krasnostop anapskiy 2020. The object of the research was wines from grape varieties Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS, grown in the Anapa ampelocollection. The classic grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon was used as a control. The article presents materials on the history of creation and agrobiological, technological and economic indicators of the grape variety of the Anapskaya ZESV&W breeding Krasnostop Anapskiy. The amount of anthocyanins in wine materials from Krasnostop varieties of Anapa exceeds the data on these components in the control variant. The mass concentration of phenolic substances and their monomeric forms in the wine materials of the Krasnostop anapskiy grape varieties is higher than in the quality control of red wines Cabernet Sauvignon, which indicates a high accumulation of phenolic substances in this grape variety. Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS on the organoleptic properties of wine materials received good results 8.79 and 8.78 points. From 1968 to the present day, wines of various types and styles from Krasnostop anapskiy, produced by AZESV&W winemakers, have received more than 10 awards at various levels at the most prestigious international exhibitions and competitions. This grape variety has high potential and great prospects in light of the global trend of its use in winemaking.