Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
This article presents grape varieties with the potential for the production of cognacs in Russia. In the Russian Federation, cognacs are produced in Dagestan, the Chechen Republic, the Stavropol region, Kabardino-Balkaria, the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Crimea. There is a wide spread of soil types in the cognac production zones of Russia and climate changes, which imposes certain requirements on grape varieties for the production of cognac wine materials. Varieties for cognac production should have a high adaptive potential, environmental sustainability, stable fruiting against the background of changes in climatic conditions and give cognac wine materials with a characteristic freshness, subtle aroma, an insignificant volume fraction of ethyl alcohol at a relatively high mass concentration of titrated acids. The purpose of the research was to identify grape varieties with potential for cognac production, taking into account the established practice of using European varieties and varieties of inter-species. The objects of the study were grape varieties grown on the territory of the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts for the production of cognac wine materials. The research phase included the period from 2006 to 2021. 16 varieties of grapes, imported classic wine, native to Western Europe and Black Sea basin, and varieties of interspecific origin, including varieties of local breeding, characterized by high yields, resistance to widespread diseases, adaptability to local agroclimatic conditions, have been identified: Aligote, Alyi Terskiy, Bianka, Grushevskiy belyi, Yekaterinodar, Kleret, Kunlean, Levokumskiy, Novokubanskiy, Pervenets Magaracha, Plavay, Podarok Magaracha, Rkatsiteli, Saperavi, Silvaner, Stepnyak. The cultivation of these varieties will allow to obtain stable yields of raw materials of the specified conditions.
The natural edaphoclimatic conditions of the Republic of Dagestan are favorable for growing grapes of different ripening periods and different directions of use. The cultivated assortment in the region is mainly represented by introduced varieties, but the potential of local varieties is much higher, so in the future viticulture should rely on local, highly adaptive, high-quality, consistently productive and advanced varieties that give exclusive wine products. The breeding renewal of the domestic grape assortment will allow to successfully solve the problems of import substitution in the viticulture industry of the Republic of Dagestan. The selection of elite grape seedlings took place on the basis of five-year studies. The main criterion for the selection of elite seedlings is stable yield capacity, plant resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to the root form of phylloxera. The created hybrid fund of grapes will serve as a basis for improving breeding work in accordance with the objectives of research. The purpose of the research is to breed high-quality, relatively resistant to phylloxera and fungal diseases, varieties adapted to edaphoclimatic conditions. The varieties should have varietal flavor, the optimal ratio of sugar content and acidity in berry juice, high content of biologically active substances. In the conditions of Dagestan, the Pervenets Magaracha variety shows high adaptability and yield capacity. This variety is widely involved in the breeding program of crosses of the station as a donor of stability. Agrobiological study of hybrid forms of grapes was carried out in the hybrid nursery of DBESV&VG. The article presents an agrobiological and economic and technological assessment of elite seedlings of the stations new breeding, bred by hybridization of native varieties and the PervenetsMagaracha variety as a donor of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The selected elite seedling 13-6-13 (Khatmi x Pervenets Magaracha) is distinguished by high quality indicators, showed biological endurance in hybrid nursery against a strong infectious background for phylloxera and fungal diseases. The use of the PervenetsMagaracha variety in the breeding of new varieties, with the involvement of Dagestan native varieties, allows obtaining genotypes with high resistance to diseases and pests of grapes in Dagestan.
In the unstable conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Anapa-Taman zone, the expansion of the assortment of cultivated grape varieties is very relevant, and allows coping with the annual growing demand for high-quality technical grape varieties for the production of high-quality grape and wine products, at the lowest cost. Thus, our attention was drawn to the Greek interspecific varieties bred jointly with Russian scientists. The article presents the results of economically valuable traits of grape varieties of Greek breeding with colored juice and pulp of the technical direction, laid down by own-rooted seedlings in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. During the period of research following studies were conducted: phenological observations of the studied varieties; agrobiological characteristic; qualitative indicators of berries juice of the studied varieties. When analyzing the data, it was noted that the studied varieties exceed control variety Saperavi in the main indicators. For example, the Academik Trubilin variety has a yield capacity index in c/ ha 58,8-66,6 c/ha, the Traminer chernyi variety 146,6-149,0 c/ha, which is significantly higher than the index of control variety Saperavi 44,0-46,6 c/ha. According to the qualitative composition of berry juice, it was revealed that the sugar content and titrated acidity of the studied varieties is higher than that of the control variety. For example, the sugar content of berry juice of the Akademik Trubilin variety is 21.2-22.5 g/100 cm3 , and the acidity is 6.5 g/l. The indicators of the Traminer chernyi variety are slightly inferior to the previous one, the sugar content of berry juice is 20.8-21.0 g/100 cm3 , the acidity according to the glucometric indicator exceeds the norm and is 7.2-7.5 g/l. The sugar content of berry juice of the Saperavi variety is 20.5 g/100 cm3 , the titrated acidity is close to the Traminer chernyi variety and is 7.5 g/l.
Recently, after the adoption of the Federal Law On Viticulture and Winemaking in the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2019 No. 468-FZ, interest in the production of wine products from own grapes has increased significantly. In this regard, the cultivation of grape varieties promising for high-quality winemaking, including autochthonous ones, is of great importance. In this regard, the study and evaluation of introduced grape varieties in different growing zones will make it possible to revise the assortment and introduce a fresh stream into the breeding programs. The purpose of the research is to assess the prospects of cultivation in Sober Bash (foothill zone of the Krasnodar region) of the Italian autochthonous grape variety of late ripening Corvina (Vitis vinifera L.) on the basis of a variety study and analysis of agrobiological, uvological, economically valuable traits and physicochemical indicators. The variety study was carried out in 2019-2021 on commercial vineyards with an area of 0.75 ha, the number of bushes in the variety trial was 15. Vineyards are not irrigated, uncovered, grafted, rootstock is Richter 110, planting scheme is 2.5 x 0.8 m, formation of bush is unilateral Guyot. The Corvina variety, due to the combination of positive parameters (high yield capacity, crop quality, quality of wine), is of interest for cultivation in a non-covering culture with a full range of protection against diseases, as well as for use in breeding programs as a source of quality indicators. The variety has bunches weighing 292 g, berries weighing 1.4 g, the juice is not colored, it accumulates sugar well (up to 27 g/dm3 ), a good balance of acidity (6.1-7 g/l). The tasting score of monovarietal wine is 8.6 points. The disadvantages of the variety include instability to diseases and pests of grapes.
On the territory of Krasnodar region, grapevines have been cultivated since ancient times. However, the study of the gene pool of local wild grapes remains an open question. This study is devoted to the research of wild growing grapevines found in the area of Tonkiy cape of Gelendzhik city. The ecological-geographical and climatic conditions of this territory can be considered as a favorable place for the growth of wild grapevines. Seven samples of vines were found, having some similarities and differences in ecological, biological and morphological indicators. Most of the studied samples are dioecious plants there are samples with male and female flower types. No inflorescences were found on the one specimen. The material for DNA analysis was selected from the found grape samples. DNA was isolated by CTAB method from herbarized apical leaves. Genotyping of wild-growing forms was performed by microsatellite loci: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZag62, VrZag79 which are used as a standard set for grape varieties DNA fingerprinting, as well as by loci UDV737 and CenGen6, which are linked to locus of resistance to downy mildew Rpv3 and powdery mildew Ren9, respectively. Target fragments, the size of which indicates the presence of resistance genes, were not detected by DNA markers UDV737 and CenGen6. The obtained DNA profiles on microsatellite loci showed genetic differences of the vines in the analyzed sample. On average, 5 types of alleles per locus were identified. Cluster analysis of DNA profiling data showed that one of the found vines differs from the rest most significantly, the remaining samples were distributed into two subclusters of two and four genotypes according to the results of the analysis.