Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The article presents the results of the evaluation of field resistance of plum varieties of domestic and foreign breeding for dominant diseases clasterosporium and monilia under the conditions of the Prikubansky zone of fruit growing of Krasnodar territory. The main objective of the research was the evaluation of plum resistance of varieties different ecological and geographical origin and selection of highly resistant and resistant to the main diseases varieties, depending on the current years environmental conditions and variety biological features, as well as determination of dependence of yield formation on the degree of the disease. It is established that the degree of manifestation of clasterosporium and monilia depends on weather conditions (air temperature, precipitation) and biological characteristics of the varieties. Noted that the main organs of destruction are the inflorescences and foliage of plants. It is shown that the strong defeat of plum inflorescences by monilia significantly reduced the number of forming fruits, leading to a significant reduction of yield. Lesion of plum trees foliage by clasterosporium did not influence significantly the decline in harvest of current year, however, led to the premature defoliation, deterioration of trees adversely affected the fruit quality and the formation of fruit buds of next year's yield. On the background of the epidemics of clasterosporium and monilia the plum varieties of domestic breeding are selected with complex resistance to both diseases Milena, Podruga, Charodeyka and Niva, of the varieties of foreign selection Cacharskaya, Cacharskaya Pozdnia, Sten-ley, Empress and Grossa di Felicio, with these varieties can be expanded the adaptive zoned assortment and to lay the intense plum planting in the South of Russia.
The article presents the results of study of cherry cultivars different ecological-geographical origin resistant to most harmful diseases to coccomicosis and monilia, significantly reducing the stability and productivity of perennial plants in the conditions of the Kuban zone of gardening of Krasnodar Region. The aim of the research is the selection of cherry cultivars steady to the main diseases, the determining productivity, fruit quality and stability of fruit production under conditions of biotic stresses and also the improvement on the basis of selected varieties of modern cherry assortment in the South of the country. The results of the field stability evaluation of different cherry varieties, domestic breeding and introduced, to the main diseases are presented. It is found that the heavy defeat of the studied diseases of cherry's leaves and fruits leads to the reduction of the generative activity of cherry cultivars, expressed in lower yields. As a result of study the domestic cherry varieties of new generation Kazachka, Alexa, Vstrecha, Novella, combining a complex resistance to coccomycosis and to monilia are selected. The conjugation of the varieties resistance with the formation of the biological potential of productivity, yield capacity and fruit quality is shown. Based on these data, it is selected the group of the most productive cherries varieties, shown in a stressful environment the greater resistance to abiotic factors and high yield: in the range of 15-20 kg/tree or 10-13 t/hectar at planting scheme 5υ3m. On the results of our evaluation these native varieties of Alexa, Dombasia, Kazachka, Kirina, and Molodezhnaya have recommended to expand the cherry assortment in the Kuban area of horticulture of the Krasnodar Region
The aim of the research is to assess the collection material of strawberry for use in breeding and in industrial production. The results of evaluation of varieties from strawberry collection on complex of properties are presented in the article. Collection of strawberry consists of 139 accessions of different ecological and geographical origin. The generally accepted in Russian Federation techniques as well as the Programme of the North Caucasian Centre for breeding fruit, berry, flower-decorative crops and grapes for the period up to 2030 are used in the work. The research have shown that 23 strawberry samples from the collection are the early ripening, 106 varieties medium term and 10 varieties are late ripening. On the type of fruiting the varieties are divided into two groups: fruiting once (99 varieties) and neutral-day (40 varieties). From 40 neutral-day varieties, 33 varieties with white flowers and 7 varieties with rose flowers. The collection is stored 39 donors of economically valuable signs. To carry out a breeding program for strawberry in the process of hybridization was included 22 varieties from the collection. As a donor, showed the highest genetic quality, was the Marmolada. In the period 2015-2016, the collection was filled with 4 varieties: Aliani, Malling Opal, Vivaldi, Evis Delight. The distribution of the varieties for agronomic characteristics (yield, large-fruited, density of berries) is presented. The varieties with high fruitage, large fruit size and high density of berries are selected. On the complex of the best indicators of the studied signs the commercial perspective have the new varieties of collection Tahira, Kemya, Vima Tarda, Galia. It is noted the necessity of introduction and studying of new strawberry cultivars for the improvement of the zonal assortment
Huge shortage of hazelnut kernels in the Russian Federation it is possible to eliminate not only by the expansion of space for plants of this species, but with the implementation in production of new highly efficient technologies and by the using in the industrial plantations of high-yielding and high-technological varieties. With the development of agricultural production and transfer to deeper processing of the fruits, the requirements to the fruits production are changed. The fruits of the nut should be rounded, with high output kernels (not below 48 %), easy to separate from the shell, the nut peel should have a low cork, calibre of kernel is 13-15 mm. For more than 40 years on the territory of Krasnodar nut state variety plot of FSBI "Cossortcomissia", with the assistance of scientists of the Kuban State Agrarian University, more than forty varieties of hazelnut were tested. Organization of experience, surveys and observations were conducted by us in accordance with the Program and methods of variety's study of fruit, berry and nut crops. The agricultural care and protection of walnut plantations from pests and diseases were carried out according to the regional norms recommended for the protection of fruit plants. Based on the long-term testing it have been selected the varieties recommended for industrial hazelnut growing, suitable for efficient cultivation in the considered horticulture areas of the Krasnodar Region. There are high-technological introduced varieties: from Azerbaijan Ata-Baba and from countries of Western Europe Louise, Gustav, Buttner, Kadetten, Chudo Bollvillera with large fruits capable for production. For use in the landscape design it is possibly to use the hazelnut varieties of Academic Yablokov, Moscovskiy Rubin and Italian variety of Purpurea.
In the breeding of grapes, the presence of muscat aroma in the berries is a valuable feature. The Muscat grapes varieties have different shades of aroma: an ordinary aroma, spicy, the smell of an orange flower, the shade of tea rose and others. The origin of grapes varieties with muscat flavor has not yet been established. The absence of muscat forms among wild grapevines and the dominance of this feature in hybrid progeny allow us to suggest that this sign is originated in the culture. Muscat aroma is characterized by the accumulation of monoterpenoids in the berries. Monoterpenoids are found in significant concentrations in the grapes of Muscat group and in moderate ones in some other aromatic varieties. A number of studies have shown that the accumulation of monoterpenoids in a grape berry is associated with the gene VvDXS. In the present paper, we investigate the fragment of the sequence of the gene VvDXS in the grapes varieties with muscatel flavor to study the possibility of creation of DNA marker for breeding. The main method used in the study are the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of reaction products by using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. Muscat varieties Novoukrainskiy Ranniy, Frumoasa Albe, Barkhatnyi, Astanikskiy, Irshai Oliver, Litdar, Muscat Gamburgskiy, Alina, Larni Muskatnaya and the variety without muskat aroma were studied. Polymorphism in the sequence of the studied fragment of the VvDXS gene in the studied genotypes have been identified, however, the correlation linked with the studied sign "muscat f lavor" is not revealed.