Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The article is devoted to the memorial date - the 105 anniversary of the decision for the organization of an experimental organization. This article tells about employees of the Anapa's Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Wine-making. Long-term work of these employees contributed to the development of home vine and wine-making science. They worked at the Experimental Station a different number of years. Some of them came to AZESV&W when they have been honored and respected scientist and specialists, others came after graduating of institute and in a few time working they have left for another scientific institutions and became there the real scientists, other employers after working in 10-20 years at the station became the honored and respected scientists of AZESV&W. The article also focused on a vital way of Station's employees devoted more than forty years of their working life to activity on the Anapa's Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking.
The purpose of this research is detection of the scientifically based and complex characteristic of the major genetic parameters correlated with expressivity of additive and dominant genes and their interaction with environment on different signs and crossing combinations of seed and seedless grapes varieties. The analysis of additive and dominant genes and their interaction with environment was carried out. The technique of genetic analysis of registered traits and mathematical models of data processing give the chance on objectivity of this research. During two-year period the hybridological study was kept on 21 quantitative traits which were distributed in four groups. For identification of stability degree of additive and dominant genes the degrees of K1 and K2 values were used: the high degree - to 10%, rather high - to 30%, average - to 50%, unstable - to 70% and very unstable - over 70%. The combinations with maximal breeding value of traits correlated with phenology, actual vine fertility of grapes plants and botanical features of bunches and berries have been determined. The high and rather high stability of dominant genes combined with low variability have been found only in a few combinations of crossings. All crossings have a rather high breeding value and rather weak variability of the traits correlated with the botanical description of berries. Stability of the additive and dominant genes interacted with environment is, mainly high. Genetic potential of additive genes is distinguished by the great breeding value and slight variability. The additive gene effects are manifested comparatively stronger in the genotype-environment interactions in almost all traits and crosses.
In the modern breeding of grapes the most attention is paid to preliminary selection of parental couples and to application of the methods allowing to base the selection on a complex assessment of bigger number of registration signs of hybrid plants. The cluster analysis and the analysis of the main components give the chance of obtaining more detailed information on value of separate signs in the grouping of genotypes. Research on detection of phenotypical variability of agric and biological signs and efficiency of selection in F1 from combination of grapes crossing of Armira x Rusalka 1 was conducted by application of the cluster analysis and the analysis of the main components. Experimental work included selection of 30 plants of F1 from combination of crossing of new of grapes - Super Run Bulgar (seed) × Rusalka 1 (seedless). During the four-year period the hybridological analysis of 22 agric and biological signs characterizing the economic value of each plant was carried out. It is established that the highest degree of a variation on the first and second main components possess the traits: productivity, fructification coefficient on shoot and on fruitful shoot, width of grapes bunch, length of berries, average mass of bunch, weight of 100 berries, total quantity of buds, shoot, bunches ets. From the seeded seedlings 15, 20, 23 and 30 are characterized by the best agric and biological indices and they are suitable for selection, and from the seedless plants - 29, 28, 26, 18, 14, 11, 5 and 1. In order to develop the new hybrid forms with valuable commercial qualities, plants 15 and 30 from the seeded seedlings should be crossed.
There are correlations between agric biological and technological quantitative traits of grapes influenced on formation of yield. The different methods have been applied for their study in breeding. A research purpose was the identification of impact of parental varieties on variability of quantitative traits in F1 generation of cross combination of seed and seedless grapes varieties. Within 8 years on 30 plants of each variety of F1 generation from hybrid combination of Super Early Bulgar (P1-seed) × Ruby Seedless (P2-seedless) we carried out an account of 21 quantitative traits. The influence of quantitative traits on yield formation in the cross combinations between seed and seedless grapes varieties was studied by means Path-analysis. It is established that the strongest direct and indirect impact on productivity of Ruby Seedless vine is exerted by the traits as total number of shoots; number of fruitful shoots, buds, and bunches; average mass of bunch, and average weight of 100 berries. At seedlings in F1 progeny from hybrid a combination of Super Early Bulgar × Ruby Seedless - such traits as total number of fruitful shoots and total number of shoots the most significantly influence on productivity. The cultivar Super Early Bulgar exerts the greater influence on the phenotype of seedlings in F1 progeny compared to Ruby Seedless. Positive direct influence and weak correlations of two parent varieties on seedlings have been reported for the traits of shoot fertility coefficient, cluster length, sugars, acids and berry width.
The Astrakhan Region located in the central part of Northern Prikaspiya is one of the most attractive regions for development of industrial wine growing according to existence of suitable lands and a favorable climatic factor. However in the territory of region there are some climatic factors, influence of them decreases the yield or even the vineyards perish. The extreme manifestations of weather include the low temperatures in winter time, early autumn and late spring frosts. Therefore the study and introduction in the production of new high yielding frost and winter hardy grapes varieties have the great importance in increase of profitability of grapes plantings of cover vineyards zone. The article presents the results of the study of 40 grapes varieties in the irrigated area of the Caspian Research Institute of Arid Agriculture in the Astrakhan Region. The purpose of these study is agric-ecological assessment and scientific based selection of different varietal composition of the enological-oriented, adapted to soil and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan Region. The highest yield of the period study the varieties stood out: Muromets - 13.7 t / ha; Rizamat - 13.0 t/ha; Moskovsky - 12,1 t/ha; Sevan - 11.1 t/ha; Sylvaner - 12.4 t/ha; Early Magarach - 13.3 t/ha; Saperavi North - 11.0 t/ha. Maximum weight of the bunches in the early maturity group have the varieties and hybrids: Madlen Muskatny (the average weight of the bunch 350g), Sylvaner (388g), Codryanka (353g); in the middle group - Rizamat (1427g); in the group of late ripening - Moscovskiy and Sevan (520 and 535g, respectively). The maximum content of sugars in the berries have Astrakhanskiy Skorospely precocious (23.3%), Silvaner (25.3%), Madlen Muskatny (23.2%), Shasla Rozovaya (25.3%). As a result of research 11 high-table and technical varieties, the most adapted to the arid conditions of the Northern Caspian have been revealed.