Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
Scientific-based use of clonal rootstocks of fruit crops is one of defining factors of increase in efficiency of horticulture and providing the competitiveness of domestic products. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE Institute of Fruit Growing (Belarus) the apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making breeding are tested. According to the opinion of authors and other researchers, these rootstocks are characterized by a positive impact the adaptability and productivity of grafted varieties. The article presents the results of evaluation of economic and biological apple rootstocks properties of NCFSCHVW breeding in the maternal rootstocks plantings, in the fields of nursery formation and in the garden. On the most of the indicators the dwarf rootstocks of 3 and 4 is close to the standard 62-396; the advantage of 4 rootstock is identified by productivity of the maternal bush (8.1 compared with 7.5 pieces/mat. bush). The condition of Imant apple trees for 10 years after planting in the garden was better on the rootstocks of 3 (3.7 points) and 4 (4.2 points) than on the control rootstock of 62-396 (3.0 points). Safety of trees on the 62-396 rootstock was 83.3 %, on the rootstocks of 54-118, 2, 4 100 %, on 3 rootstock 92.0 %. The assessment of the trees strength in the soil (anchorage) showed that 50 % of Imant trees on 62-396 dwarf rootstock have a slope of 1.0 points (weak slope of the tree), on the rootstock the share of trees with a slope of 1.0 points was less up to 33 %. The income of the sale of fruits on the 4 rootstock was more than on the 62-396 rootstock (16 660 and 16 100 rubles/ha) due to better preservation of trees and higher marketability of fruits.
The comprehensive assessment of cherry ordinary genotypes is necessary for a number of reasons: a significant decrease in its productivity is currently observed, while the harmful effect of the pervasive coccomycosis disease has increased significantly, and the effect of high positive temperatures has increased, which has led to a decrease in the heat-resistance potential of some cherry varieties. All this points to the need to select the adaptive varieties for biotic and abiotic stresses in order to solve the breeding problems and improve the industrial assortment of this highly valuable culture, not only in the South, but also in the other regions of Russia. The observations were carried out in the summer period, when the maximum impact of stressful situations is noted illness, lack of moisture and nutrition that adversely affects the generative and vegetative activity of plants. Evaluation of drought resistance of cherry varieties was carried out taking into account the main indicators of productivity (the number of fruit buds, flowers, ovaries and crop accounting) and the general condition of the fruit tree (withering and falling of leaves, flowers, ovaries and fruits). It is noted that the laying of the generative organs and subsequent blossoming were good in almost all varieties of the gene collection by 4.0-5.0 points. The conditions close to optimum during the blossoming period (no frosts, prolonged rains, dry winds, etc.) determined a fairly high fruit set in the most cherry varieties (by 4.0-5.0 points), except for the varieties of Vstrecha, Duke Hadosa, Prizvanie and Obluchinskaya (3.5 points). Evaluation of drought tolerance allowed to distinguish varieties of Vstrecha, Izbrannitsa, Igrushka, Molodezhnaya, Orotak, with minimum damage of the leaves (0-1 point). Also the cherry varieties the sources of adaptability to coccomycosis are selected.
Walnut Persian has long been Common in the North Caucasus, but its orchards are from seed origin mainly and localized mainly in the forest farms and the individual sector. Their productivity due to connection with a variety of seeds is low. This level of yield does not correspond to the genetic potential of the crop, therefore, the gradual replacement of unproductive seed plantations with varietal is one of the main ways of intensification the tree farming industry in the North Caucasus Region. The North Caucasus, and in particular the Krasnodar Territory, has the favorable soil and climatic conditions for the development of industrial walnut production. The cultivation of walnut on a varietal basis in recent years has become possible because of the successful solution of the problem of creating a regional assortment and technology of growing of grafted planting material. As a result of the study, it was breeded and zoned the varieties such as Aurora, Dachny, Zarya Vostoka, Lyubimy Petrosyana, Nadezhda, Oven, Pelan, Rodina, Urojainy and a number of promising varieties (with apical-lateral and lateral fruiting Cavkazec, Novinka, Nakhodka, Khutorok, Arpet , Desertny, Izyashchny, Maslyanichny, Selektsioner, Sovkhozny, Konkistador, Olympyets, possessing a complex of economically valuable properties. A number of varieties have the increasing winter hardness and in the cold extreme winters are able to preserve a significant part of fruit wood. Other varieties have a late flowering and thus avoid returning spring frosts, which ultimately improves the economic efficiency of cultivated fruit production and reduces the risk of loss from adverse environmental climatic factors. The article presents four new promising va-rieties of walnut, of FSBI NCFSCHVW breeding which are recommended for widespread production testing under the conditions of the Prikubansky zone of the Krasnodar Territory, as for well as their transfer to the State variety Testing.
For successful breeding work on the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) to improve fruit quality is particular importance to know the genetic features of signs variability of parental varieties studied and their hy-brid prosperity. The traditional criterion for the quantitative evaluation of the varieties genetic potential is the heritability coefficient in a wide H2 and narrow h2 mention. The purpose of our research is to assess the contributions of additive and non-additive genetic interactions to identify the promising parental forms and hybrid strawberry combinations on the signs of fruit quality. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of strawberry 8 varieties and 18 hybrid numbers on the signs of fruit quality, including the average fruit weight, firmness of fruit and sugar content for the selection of promising forms taking into account the studied characteristics. The program and the methodic generally accepted in Russia was using in the work. Research have shown that for the studied strawberry varieties in the most hybrid selections with their participation in implementation of traits as an average fruit weight, fruit firmness and sugar content (Brix %) predominates the non-additive effects of genetic interactions, which show the effectiveness of selection in some cross combinations. A significant additive effect of genes determined the possibility of donor potential, is noted on the average fruit weight n the Florence variety, and on the sugar content in the Onda, Nelli and Marmolada varieties. The modifying influence of the ecological conditions of growing environment on the fruit firmness of strawberry is clearly expressed in hybrid selections with the participation of the Onda and Molling Pandora varieties, and on the sugar content with the participation of Belrubi variety.
As a result of theoretical analysis of the literature data, it was found that only the signs acquired by the grape plant as a whole or its individual shoots, fixed at the gene level and able to be transmitted during vegetative reproduction, are mutations, and this bush can be selected as a clone of variety. The effectiveness of clone breeding is always higher when using the plantations of long-cultivated varieties. This is due to the fact that the mutation process in such vineyards occurs with increased frequency and affects a large number of features. Currently, there are two methods of clones selection the selection of clones according to the morphological correlations and the selection of highly productive clones. If the selection of clones on morphological correlations is the task of improving the variety mainly on the basis of the leading feature, the selection of highly productive clones is expected to improve the variety on a set of features. This makes it possible to select the clones characterized by high yield, resistance to adverse conditions, a short period of vegetation, increased sugar accumulation and other properties. At all stages of breeding, the results of clone evaluation are compared with each other and certainly with the data of parallel propagated control bushes (control of full-fledged bushes of average yield). It is desirable to carry out the required calculations, meas-urements, weighting, monitoring of maternal bushes. Only analyzing the totality of the collected information about variability of the characteristics of the selected bushes at all stages of breeding in comparison with the control and maternan bushes, it is possible to reasonably select the highly productive clones. The task of clone certification is much easier if we consider the changes in morphological characteristics against the background of the changed economic and biological signs.