Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The aim of the present work was the DNA fingerprinting of a number of promising grapevine cultivars of NCRRIH&V and AZESV&W breeding, based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. The results of the study can be used for identifying of the studied cultivars and for control purebred of parent vines plantations and planting material of domestic cultivars. Domestic breeding cultivars, promising to improve the industrial assortment of grapes in the Southern Russia were studied on the molecular genetic level. The article presents the results of a DNA-fingerprinting of six domestic cultivars of grapes: Barchatny, Vladimir, Dmitry, Dostoyny, Kurchanskiy, Krasnostop AZOS. Analysis of cultivars genotypes carried out on the mixture of DNA samples of 7-10 typical plants of each cultivar. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci MD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79, these markers are recommended as the basic ones for Vitis vinifera L. genotyping. Microsatellites (SSR-simple sequence repeats) - tandem repeats of simple sequences in the DNA structure are the most often used as DNA markers for studying of the grapes genotypes. The main method used in the work - polymerase chain reaction with the separation of the reaction products using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The DNA of Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon were used as the control, allelic compositions of studied SSR-loci are known for these cultivars. Cultivars genotypes showed the different alleles combinations on studied loci. Thus, the minimum recommended set of microsatellite markers is sufficient to differentiate of studied genotypes. The article also provides a brief description of the studied cultivars and their main distinguishing positive agric and biological characteristics.
Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov had been paid much attention to study of climatic requirements of varieties of cultivated plants. The global warming of climate which has began in the 70th of the XX century caused the change of bioclimatic capacity of regions. Trends of agric and climatic characteristics are local and various in the different regions of country. The references unanimously recognize the temperature factor as the most important factor of regulation of grapes phenology. A research objective is to carry out the regression analysis of dates of the beginning of phenophases of grapes varieties and their duration under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region. The research were conducted on ampelographic collection of the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko. Long-term data (1981-2014) of phenological observation over 71 grapes varieties are analyzed. Duration of period from the beginning of bud break to the beginning of plants flowering completely depends on conditions of year; coefficient of correlation of duration of this period with average temperature - r=-0,91. Duration of period after flowering substantially depends on a variety. Phases of the bud break, flowering and maturing of berries of different varieties are beginning under conditions of Nizhny Don Region at the temperatures of 11-16º, 20-24º, 22-27º respectively; the full maturity of berries is reached at temperatures of 26-15º. Start date of bud break is strongly correlated with a date of transition of temperatures above 10º, start date of blossoming is correlated with temperatures higher 20º. The beginning of maturing and a full maturity of grapes berries pass practically through the constant for every variety number of days after the beginning of blossoming. These processes are being accelerated by temperatures above 20º for early varieties and above 25º - for later varieties.
It is given the integrated assessment under the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania of the main agric and biological characteristics and economic efficiency of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, the most from which are created in NCRRIH&V together with State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding. The research were carried out according to the standard programs and techniques of breeding and variety's studing. The most fast maturing apple-tree varieties of Feya and Talisman which started the fructification for 1-2 year after landing are selected. The high productivity is noted for Carmen, Rassvet, Talisman, Vasilisa and Granatovoe (31,0-38,5 t/hectare). The high yield of standard fruits (to 80-85%) is noted for Feya, Carmen, Orpheus and Granatovoe. The indicators of economic efficiency of cultivation of new varieties are calculated. The most perspective apple varieties for industrial cultivation are selected: Rassvet, Carmen, Granatovoe. High level of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are caused by an optimal combination of immunity to a scab with a complex of the main economic signs: fast and high productivity, fructification regularity, high quality and standardization of fruits. The highest growth of profitability is noted in a group of autumn apple-tree varieties - to 16,6% (Carmen), and in a group of winter varieties - to 24,8% (Granatovoe). In a group of early summer varieties the Rassvet variety on profitability level corresponds to a control variety of Geneva Erli, wich is the one of the best variety of this maturing term. The use for optimization of industrial assortment in the Northern Ossetia-Alania of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, will allow us to increase in economic efficiency of gardening branch and to improve an ecological situation in the region due to decrease in number of processings by means of plantings chemical protection.
The climate of the Astrakhan Region is sharply continental and on the degree of aridity it concedes only to the Central Asian deserts. Continentality is expressed in the contrast between hot summer and cold, windy and snowless winter. In this regard the research on an assessment and selection of perspective variety-rootstock's apple-tree combinations which are ecologically adapted for arid conditions are very actual direction. The assessment of winter hardiness and drought resistance of apple variety-rootstock's combinations under the conditions of the Astrakhan Region is presented in the article. Research was carried out with 27 combinations of an apple-tree on the rootstocks introduced and breeding of NCRRIH&V rootstocks. The studied varieties are Rennet Simirenco, Aydared, Melba. The complex assessment of hot and drought resistance was carried out by a technique of preliminary selection of perspective genotypes with ecological stability and biological value of fruits, a winter hardiness assessment - using a field method. In the course of field tests the difference between apple-tree varieties are determined by resistance to the damaging factors of a cold season. Rennet Simirenko was the most winter-hardy on all rootstocks: frost damage of annual shoots was made 0,1-0,8 points. The insignificant frost damage is noted at Melba on rootstocks of CK 4, CK 7, M 26, SK 2 (0,4-1,0 points). The weak frost damage is noted at Aydared on CK 3, CK 7, CK 5 (1,4-2,2 points). Rennet Simirenko on rootstocks of CK 5, CK 4, CK 7, M 4 had the highest resistance to a drought. The most optimal combination of hot and drought resistance is revealed for Rennet Simirenko on the rootstocks of CK 4, CK 7 and for Aydared on the rootstocks of CK 4, M 4.
The walnut assortment in the south of Russia needs improvement and addition varieties with grades with high adaptability to the volatile climate of region. One of aspects of breeding programs is existence of genetic resources with a wide range of economic and valuable traits. In the NCRRIH&V since 2012 the research work on mobilization of a gene pool of the sort Juglans for breeding is forced. According to the priorities in walnut breeding the work includes the foreign varieties and search of highly productive local forms. Work on selection of forms for an introduction was carried out in 2012-2015 in the territory of Krasnodar Region, and also in some other regions of the Russian Federation: Rostov, Volgograd, Ryazan and Tula regions. For primary assessment of productivity used such indicators as quantity of nuts in kg/tree and a visual assessment in points. As a result the collection of Institute was added with twenty varieties and forms allowing to increase in resistance of new walnut varieties to stressor and also to increase in productivity and quality of fruits. The perspective samples on the parameters, the most actual for breeding process, have been selected. The mobilized genetic resources can significantly add a walnut collection NCRRIH&V with such major traits as frost resistance, high productivity and resistance to pathogens of various origin. This material is certainly interesting to inclusion in the breeding process, and on this basis the new varieties combining the high productivity with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressor will be created.