Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
For theoretical and especially practical viticulture, the information related to the ampelographic characteristics of cultivated grape varieties in the specific areas are of interest always, and especially when the results of applying the modern mathematical methods are included. An ampelographic study of table vine cultivars grown in South Bulgaria has been conducted through the application of modern mathematical methods of analysis. It has been found that Victoria grapes is characterized by the highest fertility coefficient. The percentage of fruiting shoots is the highest in Matilda, and the percentage of angular buds developed in Rousse Large and Pance Prekos. The greatest weight of 100 berries has been reported in Palieri, Danube and Rousse Large grape varieties. The share of the skins in the berries is the most considerable in Bolgar, and the share of seeds in the Muscat Hamburg. The sugar content of grape berries is the highest in Muscat Hamburg, while the titratable acids are the highest in Italy and Pance Prekos. Danube and Italy grapes are the most suitable for transportation. The study carried out has been shown that the yield per vine and per decare is the greatest in Danube and Victoria. A dominant influence the distribution of the studied cultivars into clusters, according to their genetic remoteness, is exerted by the indicators with maximum factor weight fertility coefficient, percentage of fruiting shoots, weight of 100 berries, force of berry tearing and grape yield. The results can be used in agricultural technology and breeding with dessert grape varieties.
Vitis Vinifera varieties are characterized by high productivity and organoleptic properties, which is appropriate for use in scientific researches and modeling. Mathematical modeling of variety productivity helps to predict the yield of existing vineyards and to select terroir for prospective plantations. The approbation of a descriptive index-based classification incorporated into integral indicator of grape productivity (IIGP) is presented in this paper. Factor included are climatic and soil-morphological and the area of study is the Black sea agroecological zone of viticulture for table intraspecific hybrids and varieties by NCRRIH&V and AZESV&W breeding. The studies were carried out on 13 varieties of the Anapa ampelographic collection, using the meteorological information on Anapa (2007-2018). In the mode following agroecological Parameters were used: the sum of active temperatures during the vegetation period, the absolute minimum temperature of the year and the number of days with minimum temperature below -1C in the period from April to October, the total precipitation, the exposition and the slope angle, position on the slope and soil type. The results of model testing were acceptable for 10 varieties, the model worked best for following varieties: Astanikskiy, Bely Ranniy, Kavkazskiy Ranniy, Larni Muskatny and Hrustyashchiy. Non-acceptable results are received for three varieties (Licodia, Muscat AZOS and Chernomor Anapa), and it means that model for them requires improvements. In case of evaluating the results of the model by frost grape resistance, the best result was observed for varieties with increased resistance to frost. The model is recommended to use for the selection of terroirs in the Black sea agroecological zone of viticulture and the effective use of varieties in the ampelocenoses.
The data of study of Kuban grapevines wild forms are presented to select the sources with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stress-factors. Wild forms of grapes can be both theoretical and practical value for breeding. The aim of the present work was to study the morpho-biological and genetic diversity of grape plants of the genus Vitis L., growing on the territory of the Utrish state nature reserved area on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The territory of the reserved area is interested for the study of wild forms of grapes as it was the place of ancient settlements. As a result of the expedition, wild grapes were found in the district Vodopadnaya shchel in the Utrish nature reserved area in the amount of 10 populations that are outwardly resistant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental stress-factors. A morphological and biological Study of grape plants was carried out and a characteristic of their ecological conditions was given. An ampelographic description of the forms by 10 characteristics is presented. In order to study the genetic diversity of the found forms, a DNA-marker analysis of wild grape plants was carried out. The study was performed using microsatellite markers linked to the Rpv3 and Rpv10 genes, which determine resistance to downy mildew. The presence of functional alleles of these genes in the analyzed samples helps to reveal the origin of genotypes, which is one of the objectives of the study. The indicated genes were not found in the found grape forms. In general, according to the results of microsatellite analysis, it can be noted, that some of the samples are polymorphic to each other, while others have a high degree of similarity. The work on the study of wild forms of grapes in this area is carried out for the first time
The data on the mechanical properties of feijoa fruits under conditions of Southern Daghestan are presented for the first time. The studies, the data of which are given in this work, were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the requirements of GOST 342172017 Fresh feijoa. Technical conditions. The result of the study is the determination of the size and weight of the fruits of the four studied varieties of feijoa (Coolidge, Superba, Choiseana (Republic of Azerbaijan) and Choiseana (Republic of Daghestan)), obtained from different areas of growing. It has been shown that the Superba variety has the largest fruits, the average mass of which is 39.7 %, and they be attributed to large fruits. The size of transverse diameter of this fruit is 54.0 mm, the length is 61.1 mm, the ratio H: D = 1.13 conventional units. Varieties of Kulidzh and Choiseana from the Leninokan Region can be classified as medium-weight ones by average mass and H: D ratio (average mass is 28.8 and 23.5 g, respectively). As for the Choisean variety introduced in the village of Tagirkent (Republic of Dagestan), the size of its fruits is much lower 12.8 g, which is almost 2 times less than the fruits of the same variety grown n the Republic of Azerbaijan. Accordingly, the size of the transverse diameter of this variety is smaller 23.5 mm, the length of the fruit is 35.7 mm. However, preliminary testing assessment has showed that the small feijoa fruits from Tagirkent are much sweeter than the fruits of other testing objects.
Grapes are a valuable cultural plant for human. It is used fresh, as a raw material for the juice, wine and canning industries, and for the various types of dried products. Of the total number of grapes produced in the world, 80-90 % is used for processing into wines, juices and other products, up to 10 % of the grapes are consumed fresh and 5-6 % goes to drying. Industrial management of high-quality grape plantations and nurseries is impossible without the use of scientific knowledge that allows you to identify the most productive grape varieties for specific agro-climatic zones, determine the purity of plants and the diagnose the phytopathogens in the planting material and existing plantations. One of the most effective methods for solving problems of nursery management is molecular genetic, which are widely used for DNA certification, determining the origin of grapes and for identifying pathogens in the planting material. DNA profiling allows us to screen out mutant forms at an early stage or select them for further research. Diagnostics of pathogens in the uterine plantations and planting material includes the identification of pathogenic organisms and early detection of asymptomatic diseases (viruses, phytoplasmic infections, tracheomycosis, bacterial cancer). Methods of control of planting material, which are widely used in nursery management, include the enzyme immunoanalisis, placement the indicator plants into the uterine plantations, PCR method and deep sequencing. The use of these methods in the nursery allows to correctly identify the varietal identity of the material on the early stages, to identify the presence of pathogens harmful, and make timely set of protective measures that later will ensure the effective development and high quality of the uterine plants.