Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The article presents the results of studying the frost tolerance of generative buds of apple varieties and breeding forms in winter and spring in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea. The resistance of apple trees to negative factors of growing conditions is one of the most important conditions that determine their economic and breeding value, as well as the effectiveness of cultivation in a specific zone. The study of the frost tolerance of generative buds was carried out by the field method and in laboratory conditions by the method of direct freezing at different stages of organogenesis (December-February -26 ºC, March -21 ºC). As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the decrease in frost tolerance of the studied samples occurs with the differentiation of fruit buds. Genotypic differences in the frost tolerance of plants, in the same phase of development of flower buds, which are a biological feature of the variety, are established. Genotypes of different maturation periods were identified (four varieties of different ecological and geographical origin, and two breeding forms were identified in experimental and breeding plantings of the Crimean Experimental Horticulture Station Idared, Askolda, Golden Delicious, Crimskoe Zimnee, 1-8-ώ, 60-65. These samples, which have a high degree of frost tolerance of generative buds, are of both practical and theoretical interest. These and some other varieties and forms can be recommended for use in breeding programs of the southern fruit growing zone as sources of winter hardiness. The use of the selected genotypes as the initial forms for obtaining new varieties will create a new generation of adaptive varieties suitable for growing conditions in the south of Russia and increased productivity potential.
The samples of the genus Prunus L. with different types of resistance to leaf spot (Cylindrosporium hiemale (Higg.)) were identified. Evaluation of 18 new cherry and sweet cherry hybrids of NCFSCHVW breeding to 50 clones of the fungu made it possible to identify the differentiation of the samples according to the effectiveness of resistance to monopustular fungal isolates. High efficiency of resistance (100 % avirulent clones) was shown by 13 samples: AI-1, 3-108, 3-106-107, 3-111, 4r34m, 10 / 15-3, 3-20, 3-61, 3- 39, 3-107, 7-9, AI-5 from B-D-2 (4r2 m), 3-76. Others forms have an efficiency of resistance from 87.3 to 98.5 %, which indicates the need to evaluate immune forms for the effectiveness of resistance in order to control the accumulation of virulence on resistant samples to recommend their use in breeding and genetics. As studies show, horizontal (race-specific) resistance is the most long-term, and finding the parameters that determine it is one of the important directions in the selection of economically valuable plant genotypes. The assessment of genotypes based to leaf spot in terms of the average number of pustules per 1 cm2 of the leaf, resistance index, generative activity of the fungu, showed a difference in the plant lesion and spore formation. Of the 77 studied forms, 6 varieties and forms of sweet cherry and cherry and 5 hybrids were isolated according to the studied indicators. Among them are the varieties of Bigarro Oratovsky, Kosmicheskaya, Cherry 3-33-34, Yuzhanka, hybrids of BI 43-1, 6/4 K, 6/8 K, BI 43 I, etc. The obtained data are important both in breeding for obtaining new forms with a stable long-term non-infectability of diseases, and for isolating the forms of cherries and sweet cherries for use in organic farming technologies.
When analyzing the currently existing zoned assortment of grapes, you can see the main directions in the breeding of table grape varieties, namely, the creation of high-quality super early and early varieties with elegant bunches and large berries, which have a long period of storage and increased resistance to frost and drought, to vermins and diseases. The essence of the classical method of hybridization consists in directed, scientifically based selection of the original parent pairs for crossing. At the same time, in one hybrid organism, it is possible to combine individual desirable characteristics of the parent pairs or their complex. This study were the elite hybrid forms of table grapes. The study of hybrid forms for a complex of economically valuable breeding traits was carried out by field and laboratory methods at the hybrid plot of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station. As a result of the analysis of data on agrobiological research, it was found: the lowest fruiting coefficient in the hybrid form 59-13 1.0, and the highest one in the forms 59-6 and 62-59-1.8; the coefficient of fruitfulness of the studied hybrid forms ranges from 1.3 to 2.1, with the lowest value in the table form 59-43, and the highest value in the 59-6; the average yield from the bush is maximum in the forms of 59-32 and 62-59; the fruitfulness of one shoot is highest in the forms of 62-59, 59-6, 59-13. Results of the biochemical analysis of berry juice in the studied table hybrid forms of grapes show that the juice sugar concentration is approximately the same and ranges from 17.6-18.7 g/100 cm3 . The lowest acidity of berry juice in the forms of 62-59 and 59-43.
The inheritance of the neutral day type of fruiting in garden strawberry varieties was studied by genetic analysis of the crosses results between short day and neutral day varieties. In the spring-autumn period, in each hybrid combination, an individual registration of seedlings was carried out for the reveal the splitting according to the studied trait into neutral day forms and single fruiting short day plants. The aim of this work is to determine the type of the genes interaction that determine the neutral day fruiting of strawberry in a number of hybrid combinations. For research, the programs and methods generally accepted in Russia were used. With considering of the frequency of splitting in hybrid f amilies, genetic analysis of the inheritance
The article presents the study of variability in vitro long-term cultivated somaclones, obtained through callus tea culture. Genetic diversity was tested using SSR and ISSR primers. The multilocal ISSR primers characterized by a higher level of polymorphism (4052 %). The presence of genetic distances between somaclones and between calluses, from which they were obtained, was revealed, although the coefficient of differences was not so significant and amounted to 0,050,1. All somaclones had divided into three clusters. Some of the samples were identical, with zero differences. The highest variability of the whole group was detected in the sample Ή16. Analysis of somaclones population structure revealed that in the study group populations have not expressed by the allele frequencies. The variability induced from the tea callus is of a point nature. All alleles were distributed in the samples in approximately equal proportions. The average distance between samples in the population (expected heterozygosity) were about the same, and the frequency of alleles was 0,57, so all possible populations fell into the same cluster. Tea callus also showed a low level of DNA polymorphism, and a low percentage of genetic differences with somaclones, which confirms the presence of point variation. There was no correlation between the specific somaclon and callus, from which it was obtained the clustering was of a random nature. SSR and ISSR analysis of full genome DNA showed, that the amplified SSR fragments differed in size within 10 base pairs; heterozygotes were not detected in the population. The structure of the population was homogeneous with an equal distribution of allele frequencies within the population. On the whole, there were a low percentage of genetic differences in the somaclonal variability of tea.