Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

For a number of years at the Anapa's Zonal Experimental Station of wine growing and winemaking the breeding work was carried out to create the grapes varieties adapted for climatic conditions of cultivation and steady against diseases and wreckers, with high rates of productivity and quality of products. As a donor of stability to mildew and to a frost the Kriulyanskiy grapes of the Moldavian breeding was used. As a donor of quality and early ripeness the Cardinal grapes was used. The purpose of crossing of these grapes varieties were the receiving of new high-quality grapes varieties with the beautiful appearance and the increased resistance to fungal diseases and a frost, with high tastes quality and early term of ripening. As the result of the research conducted by us the 16 perspective forms were received after crossing. Morphological, agrobiological and phenological study of the selected forms was carried out using the classic methods accepted in the viticulture. As a result of the long-term hybridological analysis the hybrid forms were selected, and studied, and reproduced by vegetative way; these forms have a beautiful appearance of berries and bunches, a high crop and a high quality of production, like on the level of the European control grapes varieties. Further these forms are received the names of the following varieties: Cardinal Anapa, Lunny, Taman, Zori of Anapa and Prikubanskiy. It is indicated that the selected perspective grapes varieties of table direction can be used in the further breeding and genetic research. These grapes varieties can be the donors of such valuable qualities, as the resistance to frosts, the elegant appearance of bunches and berries, immunity to mildew, productivity and quality of production, and that is important when it is necessary to create the new grapes varieties.

Annotation

In the modern wine growing for fight against a root phylloxera an inoculation of European-Asian grapes varieties on rootstocks steady against this wrecker is using. In this article the information is presented what types of rootstocks of domestic and foreign breeding are used in the modern branch of wine growing. The area of their use is described, the useful properties of rootstocks and their demerits are described. The purpose of this work is creating of new grapes rootstocks which wouldn't have the merits of existing rootstocks. The short description of the grapes rootstocks of breeding of the Anapa's Zonal Experimental Station of wine growing and winemaking as AZOS-1, AZOS-2, AZOS-3, AZOS-4, AZOS-5 and AZOS-6 is given in the article. It is indicated that these rootstocks have a high resistance to a leaf form of phylloxera, to chlorosis and to some other diseases of a grapes bush. They have the short period of vegetation, a high quantity of standard cutting from hectare and other useful properties. In the article the description of a new formation of rootstocks grapes bushes of "AOS-1" with a free trail shoots is given. This construction of grapes bush is developed by the Anapa's Zonal Experimental Station of wine growing and winemaking. It is also given all advantages of this forming in comparison with other designs of grapes bushes. It is especially noted that use of this forming of bushes increases the productivity per men in the process of bushes scrap and preparation of cutting; the expenditures on the struggle against diseases and wreckers on the vineyards are reduced; the quantity standard of grapes cutting increases by 27-33%.

Annotation

Allelic polymorphism of two apple-tree Md-EXP7 and Md-PG1 genes affected the density and the texture of fruits pulp of 21 modern and autochthonic (national breeding) apple-tree varieties of the Crimean are studied. The microsatellite markers to the specified genes, marked by fluorescent colers are used in the work. As result on a gene of Md-EXP7 9 heterozygotic samples (allelic combinations 198:202; 202:206; 202:214) and 11 homozygotic samples (alleles 200:200 and 202:202) are revealed. On a locus of Md-PG1 gene 14 homozygotic samples with an allelic combination 298:298 and 7 heterozygotic samples (alleles 288:298 and 291:298) are identified. It is known when the microsatellite repetition of Md-EXP7 marker is shorter, the fruit pulp is more dense: were Sinap white, Sinap Sudaksky, Amulet, Balaklavskoye and Tatar winter were the most valuable genotypes. On Md-PG1 marker the most valuable were the Amulet, Balaklavskoye, Demir Alma, Kandil Sinap, Salgirskoye and Sinap white with an allelic set 288:298, and also the Rumyanka Crimean and Tatarskoye winter with an allelic set 291:298. The consideration of results of the analysis of allelic polymorphism and combinations of alleles of Md-EXP7 gene of autochthonic Crimea varieties showed that 9 from 11 of national breeding varieties have the alleles of 198, 200 or 202 defining the high (198) or the average level of density (200 and 202). On the basis of its data it is possible to assume the existence of purposeful selection of an apple-tree forms by sign "quality of fruits" in the course of national breeding of an apple-tree in the region of studied varieties origin.

Annotation

The high productivity and quality of a crop are the main priority objectives in the grapes breeding. The selection of donors and sources with positive qualities among varieties, collected in one agric-ecological zone and on one plot, significantly facilitates this task. Ampelografic collections have considerable impact on formation and enrichment of industrial assortment in the areas of the developed wine growing and wine-making, therefore the research work on an ampelografic and the varieties description are important and actual. We selected five technical grapes varieties which show the high productivity and quality of a crop during several years. Their frost resistance in 2006 and 2012 and the high crop capacity in 2006-2011 and 2013 put them in a row of the perspective varieties. Ariatika grapes has the average term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -21C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average. Productivity is high. The Vaznisubishavi grapes has the average term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25C , for the winter it doesn't take a cover. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average, the productivity is high. Stepnyak grapes has middle early term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -25C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Bakator white has the early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25 C. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Cosmopolita grapes has a very early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -20C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. The grapes varieties selected in a collection can be recommended as donors and sources of useful traits.

Annotation

At the "Magarach" institute the work on definition of methodical approach to technological assessment of the introduced clones of classical red grapes is carried out with a view of their possible use for production of high-quality wines. The object of research are the red table dry wine materials produced by use of various processing methods (classical technology, and method of carbon dioxide maceration of pulp and grapes). The methods of research used in the work are the standardized and special uvologic, physical and chemical, biochemical, organoleptic and statistical, with use of the modern equipment and the computer technics. For a complex assessment the research of grapes clones in "grapes - mash - wine material" system are carried out. As a result of carried out research the possibility of growth of the introduced red clones (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Fran, Merlot, Sira) under the conditions of the Crimea is established. This conclusion is made on the basis of results of the analysis of mechanical structure and physical and chemical and biochemical properties of grapes and a mash and wine materials. According to a complex assessment of red grapes clones in the system "grapes - mash - wine-material" the differentiation of them on 3 groups characterizing the grapes potential is carried out. The grapes criteria indicators allowing to pick up the perspective technology of wine materials production are revealed. For the grapes clones of 1 group the classical technology is recommended, for the clones of 2 groups - of carbon pulp dioxide maceration, for clones of 3 groups the carbon dioxide grapes maceration is recommended. The received results give the chance further to recommend the technology of processing for receiving of qualitative wine when the introduced clones grapes are studied on mechanical structure and physical and chemical indicators on the harvesting stages.