Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
In the structure of the perennial orchards of the Stavropol Region the apple-tree occupies more than 80% of the space. For development of Region fruit growing branch the correct selection of high-yielding variety-rootstock's combinations allowing to get the big and stable apple yield has a special importance. In this regard under the conditions of Stavropol zone of unstable moistening the research have been carried out on economic and biological assessment of apple varieties of summer maturing of Redfri (control), Krasny Yantar, Fortuna and Shchedrost grafted on a semi-dwarf SK-2 rootstock. As a result of the carried-out measuring it is found that the most intensive increasing of trees trunk is noted for Fortuna and Shchedrost varieties, much exceeding this indicator of Redfri and Krasny Yantar on 0,9 and 3,3 cm2 respectively. The productivity of Krasny Yantar and Fortuna varieties was at one level, and the level of productivity of their varieties less significantly of Redfri control indicator on 0,6 t/hectare. The maximal yield capacity in the experience has been got in the orcards of Shchedrost apple-trees and it significantly more (on 0,7-1,3 t/hectare) than those of control and other apple varieties. In this work the different reaction of the studied apple varieties to soil climatic area conditions of the Georgevskiy District is shown. Under these conditions the Krasny Yantar and Fortuna apple varieties have had the productivity significantly smaller Redfri control on 0,04-0,05 kg/cm2. The productivity indicator of Shchedrost apple variety didn't differ from values of control. The average weight of Krasny Yantar apple fruits was at the level of control in our experience and it is significantly less than those of Fortuna and Shchedrost apple varieties by 15 g and 32 g respectively.
Krasnodar territory one of the main grapes growing regions in the Russian Federation. Optimization of vine cultivars assortment in general and zonal assortments in accordance with the requirements of the time is the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The development of wine tourism in the Krasnodar Region requires the expansion of local breeding grapes varieties in the cultivated assortment of vines. This article describes the Alcor and the Antaris cultivars of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture breeding which are in the State variety testing. The harvest of these cultivars is used for high-quality red wine-making. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris have the increased resistance to major fungal diseases and tolerance to the root form of phylloxera, which allow to cultivate them in the own-rooted culture. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris were studied by us in a main area of grapes cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory Temryuk Region, and they were compared with the popular recognized classic wine cultivar of Cabernet Sauvignon. The results of agric and biological estimation and tasting assessment of vine from cultivars harvest were presented. The grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris of NCRRIH&V breeding exceed the control cultivar for yield, and the wine-tasting score of these varieties in different years corresponds to the tasting points of Cabernet Sauvignon or exceeds them. The presented data show that the grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris in the Temryuk zone of the Krasnodar Region may be worthy competitors for classical red wine cultivars and they can introduce the variety in the wine list offered by local producers.
The purpose of this work was the search, mobilization and preservation of genetic apple-tree resources for studying and use of biodiversity of forms of cultural plants in a breeding process and production. The objects of research were the genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the process of scientific-research work the breeding programs and techniques including the techniques developed with participation of research associates of the Center of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticultural and Viticulture were used. The preservation and replenishment of genetic collection by new varieties and perfect forms of an apple-tree were the result of carried our research. The valuable genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy are selected: there are the sources of signs of fast bearing and dwarf vigor and high adaptation to a drought. The selected genotypes combine the immunity to a scab with high field resistance to mildew, as well as with the late term of blossoming that allow plants to avoid the damages by spring frosts. In the process of research work we have selected 2 new donors of immunity to a scab (12/1-21-25 and 12/2-21-65), and also the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of an apple-tree. The elite form 12/2-20-39 is selected as a source of fruit big size taking into accounts the long-term observations. The elite forms and new apple varieties with Vf genome are rather perspective for active use in a breeding when consecutive backcrossing process with highly productive varieties, possessing the high commercial characteristics of fruits, but susceptible to a scab, for receiving of high-quality, adaptive, immune to a scab apple-tree genotypes of new generation
The results of plum breeding in the South of Russia are presented in the article. The hybrid plum forms have got using a wide variety of a genetic collection of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. These forms will be a basis for expansion of the existing assortment of this crop in the South of Russia and their use in the further breeding work. It is shown that the hybrid seedlings of NCRRH&V breeding have a rather high level of winter hardiness and resistance to the main diseases because in the process of their creation were used the highly adaptive plum varieties, such as Kabardinskaya Rannia, Prikubanskaya, Vengerka Albakha, President, Osennia and others. It is specified that the key importance in the process of variety creation has a selection of parental plum couples, possessing a complex of positive signs. The selection of valuable parental forms sources of a complex of the signs, accelerating the breeding process, is possible as a result of use of a plum gene pool. The created hybrid forms are selected on adaptability (winter hardiness, resistance to diseases), and productivity (fast bearing, yielding) and quality of fruits (weight, size, tasting assessment). As a result of the carried out research it is selected the high winter-hardy hybrids such as 17-6-80, 17-6-82, 17-6-110, 17-6-123, and also 17-6-80 and 17-6-82 forms steady against the main diseases. The assessment of technical fruits indicators of the studied hybrids and productivity of plum seedlings has allowed to select the top quality, fast bearing and fruitful forms: 17-6-82 (19,8 kg / tree), 17-6-110 (21,0 kg / tree) and 17-6-123 (33,5 kg / tree). The short characteristic of the perspective plum hybrid forms selected in the course of breeding is presented in the article.
The production genetic potential of 9 cherry varieties of home and foreign breeding was studied. The main components of the biological productivity (bouquet and fruit branch-es, annual shoots, fruiting buds), the features of their laying and their relationship are studied. The specificity of formation of biological potential of cherry trees depending on features of varieties and the age of fruit wood is shown. Identified the generative shoots, which form the greatest potential of productivity, that is the basis of fu-ture harvest. The advantage in the for-mation of the future harvest have the bouquet branches due more number and their high roductivity. In the process of research it is selected the Molodezhnaya, Erdi Boterno, Kirina, Shalunya, Nefris varieties with high bio-logical productivity of more than 30 bouquet branches/metre. It was found that the majority of bou-quet branches (49 %) of the cherry varie-ties under study consists 4-5 buds, which form the basis of future harvest. The bearing branches create the greater number of generative elements and 30 % of them form to 7 buds. How-ever, their number in the tree crown only 6%, unlike bouquet branches, that number prevails (86 %). The number of new shoots on the studied cherry trees is also small 8 %. The most productive part of the basic trees branches this is the branches of 2 to 4 years old, where the largest number (up to 95 %) of the generative shoots is formed. Accord-ing to result of research it is selected the cherry varieties with an optimal combination of economic and biological characteristics (high yield, large and commodity fruits) Krasno-darskaya Sladkaya, Kirina and Vstrecha.