Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
This article shows the results of research work carried out within the framework of the RFBR grant project (agreement No. 19-416-230025) and the agreement on scientific cooperation between the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, and Winemaking and the Federal State Budgetary Institution Utrish State Nature Reserve. As a result of research carried out, the wild grapes were found in the tracts of the Vodyanaya Shchel and Lobanova Shchel on the territory of the Utrish Nature Reserve, unique in its natural and historical conditions (the ancient human settlements) in the number of 16 populations, the vine of which is visually tolerant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. It is found also 5 populations of wild grapes along the banks of the Kuban river, similar in appearance to cultural grapes. Morphological and biological study of the vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants founded and genetic analysis of the apical part of young shoots was carried out to identify and establish the origin of the studied forms. A detailed description of their ecological growing conditions is made. The samples were taken from wild vines for genetic analysis. Wild grape plants in the studied territories have significant differences in the morphology of vegetative and generative organs. Particularly it is concern to such features as color, shape, leaf pubescence and gofference, the tops forms of the young shoot, the depth of the leaf upper cuts, the shape and depth of leaf hollow, the shape of leaf sheet cogs, color of skin and pulp of the berries. The most variable were the next sings: the openness of the top of the young shoot, the shape and pubescence of the lower side of the leaf formed.
The grapes belong to the order Rhamnales, the family of Vitaceae or Ampelidaceae, which is divided into two subfamilies: Lecoidaceae and Ampelideae. The latter subfamily includes the genus Vitis. where there are about 40 Asian species, plus another 30 American species belonging to two subgenera: Muscadinia and Vitis. It is believed that the center of diversity of wild grapes is located in the Middle East, from the Anatolian Peninsula to Transcaucasia and Hyrcanus. Nowadays, wild grapes are widely spreaded throughout Eurasia, covering the territory from Portugal to Turkmenistan, and from the banks of the Rhine to the Northern forests of Tunisia. In Azerbaijan, wild grapes are found in the Samur-Divichin and Lankaran lowlands, Western and Eastern parts of the Greater Caucasus, northern, central and southern parts of the Lesser Caucasus. Phylogenetic patterns suggest the emergence of the genus Vitis L. in the North America, the fragmentation of the ancestral area in the Miocene, the formation of modern species in the Late Miocene-Pleistocene and the differentiation of species as a result of Pliocene-Quaternary tectonic and climatic changes. The emergence and development of wild grapes in Azerbaijan is evidenced by the prints of a leaf of wild grape Vitis sylvestris Gmel., discovered by archaeologists in the Upper Pliocene on a stone near the Araks River of the Zangelan Region, near the village of Mindzhivan on the border with Iran. The purpose of this work is to analyze data on the origin, current distribution and taxonomy of wild grapes obtained by various taxonomists and to contribute to a number of discussion issues in this area.
The data on ampelographic Screening of vegetating seedlings of Don autochthonous grape varieties are presented. To describe morphological features we used the method of testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability of grapevine (Vitis L.) and the OIV descriptor a descriptive guidance for encoding of ampelographic features and properties of any phenotypic individuals of grapevines. It allowed us to systematize the studied features, unify and bring them into compliance with international requirements. This article presents an information about the most wide spreading Don autochthonous grape wine varieties Varyushkin, Krasnostop Zolotovsky, Plechistik, Tsimlyansky Cherniy, belonging to the East Caucasian subgroup of varieties of the Black sea basin and table variety of Puhlyakovsky Beliy a natural hybrid of native Don variety and an Eastern one. These grape varieties are included in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use. The description of morphological features was carried out when the length of the grafted grape sapling shoot was 50-70 sm. In accordance with the method, the following definitions were used: the top of a young shoot, a shoot, a young leaf, and mature leaf. Morphologicalbiological study of the features of grafted vegetating grape saplings in the historical conditions of growth of this varieties group (Novocherkassk) was presented. An ampelographic description is given. It is noted that the morphological characteristics of vegetating saplings differ significantly from the morphological characteristics of adult fruit-bearing bushes, some features differ in modification variability and depend on the growing conditions. The information obtained as a result of the research can be used for testing the vine nurseries and creating pure-variety plantings.
This paper presents the results of agrobiological evaluation of new table hybrid forms of grapes under the stressful agroecological conditions of the Volgograd Region. The research was carried out using the modern field research methods under atypical weather conditions in 2019. As the object of research, the hybrid forms of table grapes were used: Agat Dubovsky, Akello, Arabella, Artek, Valencia, Hamlet, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovsky, Courage, Timothy. These hybrids have high taste characteristics and organoleptic properties. They give a good harvest even in adverse years, and have the signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors for the unstable and stressful climate of the South of Russia. Under unstable weather conditions of 2019 in the Volgograd Region, these hybrid forms were distinguished by the main indicators of productivity: Agat Dubovsky, Courage and Valencia. These hybrids were selected by increased indicators of fruiting coefficients and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index and yield capacity. The manifestation of high agrobiological characteristics of these hybrids in stressful weather and climate conditions was primarily facilitated by their high adaptive potential. For the same conditions of Vogograd Region, the hybrids with low indicators of fruiting and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index, and yield were identified, among which the Akello and Hamlet were noted. Positive and negative agrobiological characteristics, as well as adaptive potential of the grape hybrid forms under study, should be considered as preliminary in relation to atypical agroecological conditions in 2019. For more knowledges and in-depth conclusions, the research will continue.
The paper presents the results of the study of uvological indicators of table grape varieties carried out in 2017-2019 on the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov Region). The varieties were studied in grafted culture on the rootstock of Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5BB. Planting scheme was 3.0 × 1.5 m, non-watering culture. The study of grape varieties was carried out using generally accepted methods in viticulture and State Standards. At the tasting of fresh berries, 64 varieties were presented from the collection, 9 of them were seedless. Measurements of bunches and berries were made, the average weight of berries and crop conditions were determined (sugar content of berry juice and titrated acidity), and varieties were ranked according to these indicators. The largest bunches were in the grape varieties of Valentine, Oktyabrenok, Muscat Derbentskiy, Zarya Nesvetaya, Aku-Aku (the length of the bunch is 24 sm or more). Methods for the quality assessing of table grapes are based on subjective analysis, and on instrumental measurements that correlate with organoleptic properties and can be used as predictors of consumer acceptability. The highest average weight of the berry was in the grape varieties of Valentina (11.5 g), Marshalsky (8.3 g), Nadezhda AZOS, Rusmol (8.1 g), Bart (7.9 g), Cardinal Ustoychiviy (7.4 g), Black Rose (7.1 g), Zarya Nesvetaya (7.0 g). According to the research, a number of table varieties stand out due to a set of morphological (tasting evaluation of fresh grapes, size of buncheas and berries, berry weight, crop conditions): Valentina, Pamyati Negrulya, Nadezhda AZOS as well as the seedless grapes of Kishmish Luchistiy, Sublima Seedless, Arsenevsky.