Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The reaction norm of the introduced wine grape variety Merlot in unstable conditions of the moderately continental climate of the south of Russia has been established. The research was carried out in the agroecological conditions of the Black Sea viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region in the industrial vineyards of the GC Abrau-Durso using modern methods of field research. Agrobiological accountings were carried out using the methods of agrotechnical study of grapes. The climate at the research areais moderate continental. The average annual air temperature is 14.1 ºC, during the growing season (May September) is 22.2 ºC, the maximum rises to plus 37.0 ºC, the minimum during the wintering period of grapes falls to minus 19 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 544 mm, during the growing season 208 mm, during the active growth of grape berries (II. June-III. august) 96 mm. The grape plant reacts with the modification variability of phenotypic traits to the variation of environmental conditions. The lower limit of the modification variability of the cluster mass is 98 g and the upper limit is 121 g., the grape yield is 3.3 kg/bush and 6.8 kg/bush, the sugar content of the grape berries juice is 20.1 g/100 cm3 and 21.6 g/100 cm3 . The reaction norm is 23 g, 3.5 kg/bush and 1.5 g/100 cm3 , respectively. Against the background of the application of fertilizers, the lower and upper limits of the modification variability increased respectively: the cluster mass by 16 % and 9 %, the grape yield by 48 % and 16 %, the sugar content of the grape juice of by 10 % and 7 %. The reaction norm decreased: reduction for the cluster mass as phenotypic trait was 22 %, for the grape yield 14 %, and for the sugar content of the berry juice 67 %.
Plum fruits are valued for their high content of nutrients, harmonious taste and processing properties. The purpose of the research is to carry out a comparative assessment of the biochemical composition of domestic plum fruits to identify the assortment with high taste qualities when cultivated in the Voronezh region. Samples for studying the qualitative characteristics of six varieties of domestic plum were obtained in a pomological garden located on the territory of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I in 2018-2020. The Voronezhskaya Kompotnaya and Pamyat Timiryazeva varieties have been identified as varieties with the maximum mass of fruits, pulp and a small stone. The highest sugar content and the optimal sugar-to-acid ratio were noted in the varieties Utro (control), Voronezhskaya kompotnaya, Pamyat Timiryazeva, Universalnaya, Bolkhovchanka. The maximum dry matter content was determined in the Universalnaya and Vengerka Voronezhskaya varieties, in terms of the content of ascorbic acid, the indicators in the Bolkhovchanka (5.8 mg/100g) and Voronezhskaya kompotnaya (3.1 mg/100g) varieties were higher. The highest calcium content was noted in the fruits of the Vengerka Voronezhskaya (0.07 %) and Universalnaya (0.09 %) varieties, and the lowest in the control variety Utro (0.01 %) and Pamyat Timiryazeva (0.02 %), Voronezhskaya kompotnaya (0.03 %) varieties. The potassium content of the studied varieties was in the range of 0.1 ... 0.2 %. The phosphorus content, depending on the variety, varied slightly and ranged from 0.01-0.03 %, nitrogen from 0.09 % to 0.1 %.
The article presents the results of assessing the biological potential of sweet cherry varieties in the garden grafted on seed and clone rootstocks. Biometric records were carried out: indicators of the diameter of the stem, crown and height of trees, fruit ripening dates, their weight and market condition. The biochemical composition of sweet cherry fruits has been studied. The objects of research were sweet cherry varieties of different maturation periods of the Voronezh State Agrarian University and scientific institutions of the Russian Federation breeding; seed and clone rootstocks. For an objective assessment of variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry, studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods when working with fruit crops and methodological guidelines for the determination of chemicals for assessing the quality of the yield of vegetable and fruit crops. The purpose of the study was the selection of winter-hardy, high-yielding varieties of sweet cherry grafted on low-growing clonal rootstocks to create small-sized intensive plantings and introduce them into industrial gardening in the Central Chernozem region. From the analysis of the obtained results of the study, the selective features of variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry are noted, manifested in the features of the growth force and fruiting. High-yielding varieties were established, the qualitative indicators of fruits and their biochemical composition were determined, with the allocation of highly fortified varieties for breeding work. Variety-rootstock combinations for planting gardens of intensive type have been identified. The best variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry have been propagated and introduced into the industrial gardening of a specialized enterprise ZAO Ostrogorzhsksadpitomnik of the Ostrogorzhsky district of the Voronezh region
The norm of the reaction of phenotypic signs the number of bunches, the average mass of the bunch and the yield of Riesling Rhenish grape variety to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The research was carried out in agroecological conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the second subzone (Ch2) in the Krasnodar region. Soils are ordinary chernozems. The research covers the period from 2014 to 2020. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of the number of bunches was most strongly influenced by the average annual air temperature (r = -0.67) and by the average air temperature for the growing season (r = -0.65), by annual precipitation (r = 0.72) and by total precipitation for the growing season (r = 0.66). The average mass of a grape bunch depended most on the total precipitation during the growing season (r = 0.75). The grape yield correlates with the average annual and minimum air temperature in the medium (r = -0.55) and weak (r = -0.43) degrees. The lower Threshold of the modification variability of the number of grape bunches was equal to 42 pcs./bush, the average mass of the bunch was 78 g., the upper, respectively, was 61 pcs./bush and 131 g., the reaction norm was 19 pcs./bush and 53 g. The wide reaction Norm indicates the predominant influence of the environment compared to the genotype on the variability of phenotypic traits the number of bunches and the average mass of the bunch. The lower threshold of the modification variability of the grape yield against the background of varying weather conditions was 4.3, the upper 5.6 kg/bush. The reaction norm is 1.34 kg/bush. The narrow modification variability of the grape yield indicates its dependence on the genotype of the Riesling Rhenish grape variety.
The article presents the results of the study of the embryonic fruitfulness of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties. The work was carried out in the Central agroecological zone of the Krasnodar region in 2020 and 2021. The average air temperature from May to September in 2020 was +22.0 ºC, in 2021 +21.7 ºC. During the embryonic inflorescence formation, the average temperature in 2020 was +22.1 ºC, in 2021 +20.2 ºC. The maximum air temperature during this period in 2020 was +35 ºC, in 2021 +32 ºC. In 2020, 56.9 and 55.1 % of the buds of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties contained embryonic inflorescences, 10.3 % and 14.8 % of the buds had two or more inflorescences, 5.6 % and 2 % were dead, respectively. The coefficient of embryonic fruitfulness k1 in both varieties was the same, 0.63, the coefficient of fruitfulness k2 was 1.15 in the Viktor variety, 1.1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety. In 2021, with a decrease in the average and maximum air temperature by 1.9 and 3 ºC relative to 2021, the proportion of fruitful buds in the Gurman Kraynova variety decreased to 51.6 %, with two or more inflorescences increased to 24.2 %. In the Viktor variety, the values of both indicators increased to 71.4 % and 33.3 %, respectively. The fruitfulness coefficient k1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety has hardly changed, in the Viktor variety it has grown to 0.95. The fruitfulness coefficients k2 were 1.24 and 1.33, respectively. The Gurman Kraynova variety has the most productive zone on the shoot from 5 to 10 buds, the Viktor variety from 4 to 8. For the Gurman Kraynova variety, pruning of shoots for 10-11 buds is recommended for the harvest of 2022, for the Viktor variety for 8-9 buds.