Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
When analyzing the state of the viticulture industry in Russia, there is a lack of seedless grape varieties in the assortment that have valuable biological and economic characteristics and a short growing season, resistance to frost and phylloxera. Due to the advantage of seedless grapes both for fresh consumption and for the production of dried products, processing them into jams and other products, the demand for kishmish varieties is growing and seedless varieties are regularly selected. The degree of various varieties seedlessness can be different: from the almost full absence of rudiments in the berry to a sufficiently noted size of rudiments. At the same time, the degree of development of seed rudiments in the same variety may vary in dependence on the conditions of the growth place and the year conditions. We analyzed the harvest of 33 seedless grape varieties in the Ampelographic collection (Anapa) according to the evaluation of their seedless under the agro-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture under the climatic conditions, 2019. The lack of recoverable rudiments of seeds was identified in the berries of cultivars the Kishmish Bely Ovalny, Detskiy, Kishmish Tarakli, Kishmish Rosovy, Kishmish Sogdiana, Kishmish Krugly, Remali Seedless. The maximum berry`s weight among this group was found in the variety of Kishmish Sogdiana. The largest rudiments were found in the berries of the Rusbal variety. Among all analyzed grape varieties, the rudiment of the berry`s mass of which has been measured, it is possible to select the Kishmish Luchisty: this variety has the highest average weight of berries (5.05 g) and the rudiments share of the berry`s mass is 1 %.
The article analyzes the problem of poor knowledge of Kuban wild forms of grapes and their economically valuable traits, which is very promising for the breeding of this crop in the Krasnodar Territory. In connection with this, the research is needed to determine the origin of wild grapes using genetic methods, as well as to study the morphology and the variability of their vegetative and generative spheres in comparison with cultural forms and the select the donors of resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors of wild grape forms. The objects of study are wild forms of species of the genus Vitis L. of the family Vitaceae Juss. It is noted that recently the biodiversity of the family Vitaceae Juss. Increases visibly, and the new data on the expanding gene pool of cultural and wild Vitis vinifera L. are appeared. At the same time, the new methods appears of polymorphism analyzing of such diversity, but the question of cultivated grapes origin remains vague. Researching the problem of the grapes origin have been conducted for a long time, a large number of works have been performed in the world on this topic, but there is no single concept of the grapes origin. The existence of various theoretically and practically justified centers of origin of the plant forms suggests that it is possible to preserve endemic relict plant forms in these centers at present. From the point of view of studying the biological diversity of grapevines, the territory of the Northern Caucasus and the Black Sea Region (Northern regions) is the most promising. Of the influence of wild grapes on the local assortment may indicate the existence of a number of aboriginal varieties, clearly carrying the features of close resemblance to wild grapes.
The wild forms of grapes in the forests of the State nature reserve Utrish are found for first time and studied. Several habitats of wild grapes, presumably belonging to the species of Vitis vinifera ssp, silvestris Gmel. or its varieties - var. tipica Negr. typical wild forest grapes have been studied. A detailed description of the phytocenoses in which the studied forms of plants grow is carried out. Ecological and geographical characteristics of their habitats are given. The samples were taken for further genetic analysis. It is noted in the article that many research have been carried out on the study of wild plants and indigenous grape varieties in the Crimea, Daghestan, along the banks of the Don and others, but there is still no scientific data on the origin and presence of Kuban wild and indigenous forms of grapes. As for the territory of the Utrish reserve, as a unique place of ancient settlements, such studies will be conducted for the first time. Recently, the biodiversity of the Vitaceae Juss family markedly increases, at the same time there are new data on the expanding gene pool of cultural and wild grapes Vitis vinifera L. At the same time, there are new methods of polymorphism analysis of such diversity, but the problem of cultivated grapes origin remains unresolved. This article presents only the first scientific data on the ecological conditions of growth and morphological and biological features of the founded wild forms of grapes in the territory of the Utrish State reserve. It is important to note that this study is only the beginning of research work on the study of the origin of the Kuban wild grapes and identification among them of the sources, and in the future donors of resistance to various biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The ultimate goal of this study is to include the selected sustainable wild forms in the breeding process and replenishment of the grapes gene pool.
At the present, the functional genomics (as a basis of economic valuable signs studying the regulation of genes expression) has been actively developed in plant breeding research. In recent years, it has been shown, that various RNAs, including microRNAs, play an important role in genes regulation by activating or inhibiting the expression of plant growth and development genes, genes to environmental response. Then, quite recently, it was shown that there are a new class of RNA molecules circular RNA, with size from 100 up to 4000 nucleotids, which are formed from microRNA as a result of back-splicing. They have regulatory functions and interact with macroRNA, as well as with matixRNA, affecting the level of genes expression of growth, development, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this mini-review, an analysis of recent data on the role of circular RNA in the plants is presented. It is also shown specificity their of formation depending on the type of plant tissue of intron, exon, exon-intron origin, the interaction between circular RNA, microRNA, and matrix RNA with indirect influence the genes work, as well as their role in regulating the response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The article has been presented data for searching of plant circular RNA, a bioinformative prediction method, a specific circular RNA for rice, arabidopsis, tea, tomato, cucumber, grapes, soy, peanuts, poncirus, as well as data of their regulatory role in response to stress factors of environment.
The wealth of genetic tools makes it possible to analyze phylogeny and genetic polymorphism in the studied taxa. The genetic components include retrotransposons. The study of retrotransposons is relevant for the creation of genetic markers. At the moment, DNA markers, whose polymorphism is due to retrotransposon inserts, have gained distribution in genetic work. The aim of this work is to search and detect effective IRAP and ISSR markers for the genotyping of apple rootstocks. Based on the quality of the obtained DNA fingerprint, the selection of the most informative markers was carried out for each of the markers involved in the work. The primers of the selected IRAP and ISSR markers will be used in the future for genotyping of stocks. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: Cass 1 and ass 2. In case of testing of 8 ISSR, 3 markers were selected for further work. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with the subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed sample of samples.