Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
This article presents the results of varietal study for a five-year period (2018-2022) of a new table grape variety of interspecific cross Yangar bred by All-Russian Research Institute named after Ya. I. Potapenko for Viticulture and Winemaking Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution FRARC. The studies were carried out on the vineyards of the Experimental Field of the ARRIV&W named after YA.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region) according to generally accepted methods in viticulture, GOSTs and cultivation technology. Vineyards are non-covering, non-irrigated, grafted, rootstock Oppenheim 4 (SO 4). The vineyard planting scheme is 3.0 x 1.5 m, bush shape is palmet pruning on the middle stem, medium pruning. Based on the results of the study, data on agrobiological indicators, phenological bservations, productivity, chemical and technological characteristics of grape are provided, and an uvological assessment of fresh grapes is given. An ampelographic description of the grapevines is given, the main istinguishing morphological features are provided. Yangar belongs to varieties of early-medium ripening (the period from budbreak to ripeness of berries is 127 days), it ripens in the conditions of Novocherkassk at the end of August. The variety has very large bunches and berries (average weight 526 and 13.6 g, respectively), a high yield of commercial grapes, and a vineyard yield capacity of 14 t/ha. Yangar over the years of research has established itself as relatively resistant to major fungal diseases and downy mildew (at the level of 2.5-3.0 points on a five-point scale), with high winter hardiness and potential fruitfulness (84.6 % of breaking buds, of which 82.2 % of fruiting shoots). The new variety has relatively high sugar content in grape berries of 17.2 g/100 cm3 , low titratable acidity of 4.9 g/dm3 , and gluco-acidometric index of 3.5. The fault of this variety includes shedding of berries when the bushes are overloaded with a yield.
The article considers the issue of the impact of the load of table grape bushes with shoots and bunches on plant productivity. The place of research is the fourth subzone of the Central Agroecological Zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region, characterized by a moderate continental climate and lowhumus, leached powerful chernozems as soils. As an object of research after exploratory studies in 2021, among different table grape varieties (Gurman Kraynova, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Kishmish Dubovskiy and Centennial Seedless), the Centennial Seedless variety was selected as promising for studying the load of bushes with shoots and bunches according to the parameters of the proportion of fruiting shoots (93 %), the bunch weight (0.73 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.73 kg per shoot). According to the indicator complex in the first year of research after the experimental field trial, the following variants of bush loading with shoots and bunches were distinguished: the control first variant (35 shoots and 27 bunches per bush after breaking-off shoots) by the proportion of dead buds (16.7 %) and fruiting shoots (72.5 %), the number of inflorescences (30 pcs.), the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.75), yield capacity (26.7 t/ha) and shoot productivity (0.59 kg per shoot); the fourth variant (23 shoots and 21 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.81) and the productivity of the shoot (0.7 kg per shoot), the fifth variant (23 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k2 (1.45), the bunch weight (0.91 kg), the loss from the bush (0.33 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.56 kg per shoot), the seventh variant (17 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the proportion of dead buds (16 %), fruitfulness coefficients k1 (0.81) and k2 (1.55); the ninth variant (13 shoots and 8 bunches) according to the proportion of fruiting shoots (61.5 %), fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.77) and shoot productivity (0.55 kg per shoot).
To solve modern problems of apple tree breeding, research aimed at mobilizing bioresources of the genus Malus Mill. including using a complex of methods of phenotypic assessment and DNA analysis to identify new high-value donors of significant traits to optimize a number of important stages of the breeding process. The objects of study are 22 hybrid forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different genetic origin. Hybrid own-root plantations of apple trees, planted in 2017, are located in Experimental Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). A standard differentiator, Priscilla, was used as a control for the presence of the Rvi6 gene. as well as apple tree varieties of the NCFSCHVW collection: Soyuz, Orfey, Florina. Research work was carried out at NCFSCHVW, using the Center for collective use of high-tech equipment and the Center for collective use of bioplant resources. The aim of the study was to isolate homozygous forms for the Rvi6 gene of resistance to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. among the hybrid material of the apple tree for further breeding use. The programs and methods of selection and variety study were used. The method of PCR analysis was applied to identify the presence of homozygosity for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene using the codominant marker AL07 in 22 new hybrids obtained from parental forms, carrying the Rvi6 gene in a heterozygote: Carmen, Liberty, Gemeni, Renuartsiv, Modi, Fujion, 12/1-21-63, 2034. According to the results of DNA analysis, it was found that 4 out of 22 studied samples were homozygous for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene; 10 heterozygous. Valuable for breeding homozygotes for the scab resistance gene Rvi6: 17/1-6-66, 17/2-6-4 (from the family 12/1-21-63 × Modi); 17/2-5-19, 17/2-5-20 (Carmen × Modi). The results of the study can be used to plan pollination schemes during hybridization, replenish the identified collections with new donors, structure the gene pool, supplement and develop information databases for use in breeding work and in production.
Modern intensive fruit growing involves the laying and exploitation of plantings with seedlings grafted on rootstocks, limiting the growth of trees with a simultaneous increase in the productivity of the garden with an increase in planting density. At the same time, the rootstocks themselves should provide not only a weakening of the growth force of trees, but also adaptability to soil conditions, which may differ significantly depending on the type of both the rootstock itself and the soil. The research aim is to study the influence of external environmental factors that are extreme for perennial fruit crops on the growth and development of their root systems. The studies were carried out on rootstocks of different growth strength (MM106, M26, M9 and seedlings of cultivated apple varieties). The study of root systems was carried out by the method of layer-by-layer excavations with subsequent fixation of the observation results. It has been established that apple rootstocks of different growth strength form a root system of different depth. There is a tendency an increase in the growth strength of rootstocks with a deeper development of the root system of apple trees. Apple trees grafted on taller rootstocks have a longer process of development (ontogenesis) of the root system. So, on the dwarf rootstock of M9, the depth of development of the soil profile does not differ in the sixth year from that in the third year, while in trees on a strong-growing rootstock it increased by 40 cm. The deepening root systems of trees with taller rootstocks, despite the increase in drought resistance of plants, can reduce the level of response of plants to the applied fertigation, which will require a transition from a system of microelement fertilizing during the growing season to non-root fertilizing. In the course of research, a mathematical model has been developed that shows the effect of the growth force of rootstocks, as well as the total weight of roots on the water deficiency of plants according to the formula: X18=1/(0.0010+0.0002*X1+0.0012*X17) with a multiple correlation accuracy of 0.9671.
One of the important indicators in the evaluation of new varieties and hybrids of plums are the biochemical parameters and taste qualities of fruits, which make it possible to determine the direction of their use for processing, but also, to identify sources of breeding-valuable traits. The article presents the results of an assessment of 15 new hybrids of domestic plum in the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, obtained from directed crosses. The aim of the research was to evaluate the fruits of domestic plum hybrids according to biochemical parameters (content of solids, sugars, acids, vitamin C, P-active substances), taste (sugar-acid index) and commercial qualities ( fruit weight, shape index, stone weight and its ratio to the total weight of the fruit), the selection of the best, according to a complex of valuable traits, for further use in the breeding process. It was established that under the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone, plum fruits accumulated on average 11.8 % of sugars, 18.0% of solids, 0.87% of acids. The highest content of sugars in the fruits of hybrids was observed in forms 17-1-55, 17-2-64 and amounted to 14.9 %. The sugar-acid index, as one of the main indicators of taste, was noted in the hybrid 17-2-64 (15.7). Plum hybrids 17-1-55 (5.1 mg/100 g) and 17-1-76 (5.0 mg/100 g) were characterized by a high content of ascorbic acid. The best indicators for the presence of P-active substances in fruits were recorded in hybrids 17-2-62 (85.9 mg/100 g) and 17-2-64 (90.6 mg/100 g). As a result, hybrid 17-2-64 was isolated, which is characterized by a high content of solids, sugars, P-active substances, as well as taste. It can be recommended as a source of breeding-significant traits for obtaining new varieties and expanding, to a certain extent, the genetic diversity of domestic plum.