Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The purpose of research is the determination of biological efficiency of system of protective measures on vineyards when using the tank mixes of pesticides with ad'yuvant Kodasayd and the possibility to reduce the frequency rate of chemical processings. The field research were conducted in 2013-2014 on industrial grapes plantings of Rkatsiteli grapes in the South-West zone of vine growing of the Crimea. The standard methods applied in vine growing and protection of plants were used: route inspections and field research - for study of dynamics of development of diseases and determination of productivity of grapes; laboratory's research - for definition of the content of sugars and titrable acids in the juice of grapes berries. Calculation of biological efficiency of system of grapes protection against diseases when using the tank mix of fungicides with ad'yuvant Kodasayd showed the high values - higher than 86,6% by all options of experiment. The highest rates of efficiency (87,1%) at protection againts mildew with use of ad'yuvant Kodasayd 950 on the leaves are noted in two options of experiment: use of ad'uvant at all processings of plants and in a option with reduction of frequency rate of processings. The level of crop protection in this case made 89,2-89,6%. The use of ad'yuvant of Kodasayd 950 (2,0 l/hectare) in the tank mix with chemical preparations allowed you to reduce the frequency rate of processings from 6 to 4 without decrease in efficiency of protection. The high level of protective measures when using the modern assortment of preparations and multipurpose ad'yuvant of a natural origin - Kodasayd 950 allowed you to receive the bigger crop of grapes - 5,3-5,4 kg / a bush against 4,5 kg / a bush in the control option.
Phytosanitary optimization of vine growing involves the analysis of a complex of the biotic and abiotic factors defining a phytosanitary situation of specific planting. The purpose of our research was a study of bioecological features of causative agents of the main diseases of table grapes varieties of early and late maturing and differentiation of the studied varieties on degree of defeat against the main diseases under the conditions of the Central steppe zone of vine growing of the Crimea. Field research were conducted on vineyards of table grapes varieties superearly maturing terms (Elegant Superanny, Flora, Arkadia), early (Vostorg), late (Moldova) in 2013-2014, according to the techniques used in the practice of vine growing. On the vineyards of table varieties the development of mildew, black spottiness, and anthracnose was diagnosed. The leaves of Vostorg grapes and bunches of Arkadia and Alegant grapes desease least of all. The development of an anthracnose and black spottiness was noted on vegetative and generative organs of Vostorg grapes plants. The obtained data on productivity testified about prospects of cultivation of table grapes under the conditions of the Central steppe zone of vine growing of the Crimea when timely carrying out the protective measures. Identification of defeat by mildew defeat and anthracnose and black spottiness of table grapes allowed you to make conclusion about nessesity of carrying out the protective measures from mildew on Flora, Elegant superrany, Moldova, Arkadia, Vostorg grapes. On the Vostorg grapes Delight in connection with defeat by anthracnose and black spottiness, it is required the carrying out the additional processing against these objects. The received results can be used in the development of system of protective measures for table grapes assortment in this zone of wine growing.
The work is relevant because it is directed on a solution of a question of decreasing in prime cost of apple rootstocks' clonal micropropagation technology and increasing exit of plants. The results of researches on selection of the low-toxic, economic and environmentally friendly growth factors, organizers of structure of a nutrient medium, and also increasing of efficiency of apple rootstocks' microplants' adaptation in unsterile environmental conditions are presented. The experiment showed that on the main quality indicators of microshoots furolan in concentration of 4 mg/l is less dangerous and more economic analog of traditionally used growth factors (6-BAP, GA, IBA) with efficiency at the same level and above. The potato starch was defined as analog of agar-agar in the nutrient medium with mineral structure on a recipe of Murashige and Skoog for cultivation apple rootstocks' microshoots of the SK series. By experience the conditions raising the eficiency of apple rootstocks' microplants' adaptation to unsterile environmental conditions were established. The adaptation of apple rootstocks' microplants should be begun with the moment when plants reach the size of 5-10 cm, and their root system will consist of several well developed roots, 2-5 cm long in 800 ml vessels on a substratum the lixivious black soil stabilized within a day at a temperature 100º C with addition of half solution of salts on a recipe of Murashige and Skoog
The article summarizes the results of long-term multi-aspect basic research supervised by Prof. G.V. Udovenko using more than 7000 varieties of different crops studied within a single programme of salt, drought, frost and cold resistance. We show the parameters that are most closely connected with the level of resistance of the plants on the basis of the analysis of ecological and physiological mechanisms of resistance and adaptation of the cultivated plants with juicy fruit (fruit, berry, citrus and vegetable plants) to the extreme influence of the environment and to the impact of various endogenous factors on the level of resistance. We point out two categories of differences in the reactions of plants to various types of stresses: quantitative and qualitative. The data analysis indicates that many parameters of plants have a common qualitative character of change under the influence of heterogeneous stresses. The identity of the qualitative aspect testifies to the non-specific adaptation of the plants to the stresses. The qualitative differences reflect the actually existing phase level of resistance of the plants. It has been established that the formation of fruit organs substantially increases the functional activity of the vegetative organs and significantly raises the general resistance of the plant to extreme effects. During adaptation to stresses a self-adjusting decrease in the changes of fruit load manifests itself to stabilize the resistance of the plant to extreme effects. We suggest methodological approaches and techniques based on the assessment of physiological and genetic changes to be used in plant cultivation and breeding. The devised methodology of researching and preserving fruit and berry resources enables singling out the valuable genotypes for long-term storage.
The Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station stores a gene pool of stone fruits of 5000 genotypes as a result of collecting missions in the centres of origin of cultivated plants. The pool was used to single out the donors and characteristics significant for breeding that enabled the formation of the genetic collection of stone fruits and to syntheses the new collection donors which were employed to develop the new varieties of stone fruits. Their use was especially efficient for breeding clonal stocks. Using the genotypes of wild species of stone fruits from the State Register of Selection Achievements admitted for reproduction in the Russian Federation, we developed 17 clonal stocks. As a result of analytical selection we singled out the genotypes that were given the status of varieties from the gene pool of wild-growing stone fruits: seedling rootstocks 'Pamirskiy 5' and 'Tikhoretskiy 4', clonal stocks 'L-2' and 'Kuban 86', ornamental cherry trees 'Kiparisovaya', 'Rozanna', 'Krasna devitsa', 'Malyshka'; Louiseania ulmifolia - 'Ocharovanie', 'Rozoviy shar', 'Snezhanna'. As a result of study of the gene pool of the wild-growing stone fruits and the outcomes of their selection usage, additions and corrections were introduced in the system of the genus Prunus L. We suggest transferring the section Amygdalopsis (Carr.) Lincz. of the subgenus Amygdalus (L.) Focke and Microcerasus Webb. of the subgenus Cerasus Pers. to the subgenus Prunophora Focke besides the sections Prunus and Armeniaca (Lam.) Koehne. An intraspecific taxonomy of species was developed for: cherry plum - P.cerasifera Ehr.; blackthorn - P.spinosa L.; Microcerasus incana (Pall.) M. Roem. - P.incna Stev.; Microcerasus prostrata Roem.- P.prostrata Labill.; dwarf almond - P.nana (L.) Bert. et Hedr. and others. We put forward a hypothesis of the origin of several species of stone fruits, including P.spinosa, P.darvasica, P.fruticosa, P.Maackii, P.kurilensis, P.nana, P.fenzliana, P.buharica, P.spinosissima, P.petunnikovii and some others.