Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the characteristics of genotypes of the East Asian species of stone fruit plants related to Prunus L. Genetic diversity of the collection includes 14 species and 4 varieties including: breeding varieties - 87, hybrids - 23, local varieties - 237, genotypes of wild East Asian species - 227. Based on the polymorphism of wild species the intraspecific taxonomy was developed for P. sachalinensis, P. kurilensis, P. glandulosa depending on the colour of flower petals. The sources of significant selection traits were identified to create the adaptive varieties for the Far East and Siberia: it is identified for the genotypes of P. maackii, P. tomentosaandP. glandulos have the complete monogenetic resistance to coccomyces; the studied genotypes of P. maximoviczii, P. kurilensis, P. padus have the high immune response. It is proposed to include in the breeding programs: 40 genotypes of P. sachalinensis with sour-sweet and sweet taste of fruit that is quite rare for this species, 5 genotypes of P. mandshurica with large sour-sweet fruits, 4 genotypes of P. padus with early ripening sour-sweet fruits, one genotype of P. padus with late blooming and sour-sweet fruits, two genotypes of P. glandulosa with sour-sweet fruits and high winter resistance. All the studied wild stone plant species can be use as donors of high resistance to winter conditions and to coccomyces. Currently there is enough comprehensive information about genotype composition of the collection of East Asian stone plant species related to Prunus Lavailable on the Far Eastern Experimental Station, VIR.
One of the main directions of pear breeding is resistant to adverse environmental conditions: frost resistance and winter hardiness, drought and heat resistance, resistance to diseases and pests. Also the important features of new varieties are early appearance of fruits, high yield, fruit quality and timing of their maturation, small tree size. The aim of the work is the study of VIR pear variety collection under the soil and climatic conditions of a foothill zone of Adygea, to identify the new sources of economically valuable traits for use in breeding. The trees in the collection garden were planted in 2005. Almost every year the temperature regime of the winter period was unstable. There was a decline in temperatures up to the critical values (-30 oC), the long thaw, and then new lows of temperatures and spring frosts. For breeding Some winter-hardy varieties are revealed with good quality fruits: Dessertnaya, Lastochka, Rossoshanskaya, Mlievskaya Rannya, Mramornaya and varieties of late-flowering to protect against frost: Biruzovaya, Williams Ranniy Morettini, Victoria, Krasnodarskaya Letnyaya, Leven, Maikopsky Souvenir, Nariadnaya Mlievskaya, Obilnaya Tuza, Rossoshanskaja Pozdniaja, Rossoshanskaya Raniya, Uspenka, Harrow Delight. The sources of resistance to fungal diseases are Caucasian varieties: Bagir Armud, Mahsuldar, Cherkesskaya 325, Yadigar. A few varieties, which are the first fruits appeared on a two-year trees were Borup, Devo, Dr. Jules Guyot, Napoca, Skorospelka, Suksen Skorospelka, that promising for breeding for early appearance of fruits.Valuable sources were Biruzovaya, Devo, Krasnodarskaya Letniya, Krasnodarskaya Ranniya, Lastochka, Maikopsky Souvenir, that combine the high yield and fruit quality. Maikopsky Souvenir and Biruzovaja also revealed as sources of growth moderation and red skin of the fruit. The article presents the brief characteristics of selected sources.
The results of long-term research of the Nikita Botanical Garden's apricot genofond are presented. It is selected 43 comprehensive sources of economic-biological signs (winter resistance, frost resistance of generative buds, drought resistance, late flowering, yield capacity, large-fruited, good taste and elegant in coloring, low sensibility to Monilia cinerea Bon. and Closterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) Aderh., the applicable for the production of canned products, self-fertility, early and late terms of ripening fruit) perspective for use in apricot breeding. It was selected the promising introducers- sources of trait of early ripening fruit: Vardaguyn Vagdaas, Dima Beketovsky, Shalah from the Iran-Caucasian; Mamuri, Kok Pshar from Central Asian; May-He-Sin and Yuan Sin from China's eco-geographical groups. Among genotypes of selection of NBG there are some with very early ripening of fruits: Gulistan, Dionis, Zorkiy, Lyuchak Gvardeiskiy, Pasyinok, Salute, Edem and others. To create varieties with late ripening fruits interest are Aresh Sanagyan and Nukul Citrony of the Iran-Caucasian, Kech-Pshar of Central Asian; 80 / 22-1 from the European groups and Da-Huan-Hou from China. Among the varieties of selection of NBG such signs have Iskorka Tavridy and Vyinoslivy. Valuable sources of late flowering and increased hardiness are Zard and Kok- Pshar of the Central Asian group, Da-Huan-Hou - a variety from China and Zapozdaly, Ladoga, Stepnyak, Naryadny, Pretendent the varieties of NBG breeding. The sources of self-fertility trait are the sorts of NBG breeding Ananasny Cyurupinskiy, Vyinoslivyiy, Iskorka Tavridy, Kryimskiy Amur, Letchik, Kostinskiy, Strepet, Forum. It was established that the creation of productive, highly adaptive, large-fruited varieties with high-quality of fruits, the most effective is to involve into hybridization of genotypes from the European, Irano-Caucasian and Central Asian ecological-geographical groups. It was selected 15 new varieties (Altair, Alyans, Autok, Gamlet, Divny, Dionis, Iskorka Tavridy, Krokus, Koster, Kostinskiy, Magistr, Naslazhdenie, Pamyaty Ageevoy, Yuzhanin, Yaltinets) for industrial introduction, 14 of which are included n the Register of Selection Achievements of Russia.
The results of study on drought resistance of nine varieties of apricot (Bratskiy, Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgiyevskiy, Orlik Stavropolya, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) under the conditions of rigid drought in the territory of Krasnodar Region are presented in this article. It is revealed that differences in water content in leaf tissue of studied apricot varieties are small, their range is from 66% to 70%. By analysis of variance the intervarietal variability on signs of drought resistance of an apricot is established. Two varieties which maintain the conditions of long effect of high temperatures were selected as a result of carried out research. It is analyzed the condition of seven apricot varieties of (Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgyevskiy, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) on signs of productivity to assess their stability to unfavorable factors which are appear in ontogenesis under the influence of the external environment. It is established that the genotype of the studied apricot varieties statistically authentically influences on everything studied productivity signs. without exception Existence of variability on productivity signs between the studied varieties is proved. As a result of carried research on a basis of complex of signs of drought resistance the apricot varieties of New Jersey and Reklamny which should be attracted as parental forms at inter varieties hybridization are selected. The essential contribution to gene typical distinctions of studied apricot varieties according to productivity was made by next signs: mass of a fruit, a yield from a tree, quantity of fruits.
The research reviewed the literature on the history of nectarine culture, whose home is China. The moving progress of nectarine from China to the West along the ancient silk road through the Central Asia and West Asia (Persia), Greece, Italy, throughout Europe and other continents is shown. It is revealed that nectarine varieties had been were in Central Asia and Iran from China 3000-4000 years ago, and from here over 2,000 years ago were introduced into Southern Europe. It is shown that the Crimean EBS VIR and in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden selected the best varieties of nectarines that are of interest to a wide introduction in production and further use in breeding. In the process of the initial investigation of genetic nectarine resources are identified the varieties and forms with valuable breeding traits. Among them are: genotypes with male sterility, seed sweet taste, honey taste of the fruit, with genetically marker signs (with white flower, with red leaf), from very early to late ripening, with white and yellow flash and large size for industrial horticulture. The best nectarine varieties of introduction and selection of the Crimean EBS VIR are following: Krasnodarets, Oreon, Raduzhnyiy 7 , Rozovaya Printsessa , Silver Roma, Skif. The best nectarine large-fruited varieties in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden are selected. The are Kryimchanin, Rubinovy 4, Rubinovy 8 and Rubinovyiy 9. Especially valuable nectarine genotypes differing in seed sweet taste are Krasnodarets, Kryimchanin, Rubinovy 9.