Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
To solve modern problems of apple tree breeding, research aimed at mobilizing bioresources of the genus Malus Mill. including using a complex of methods of phenotypic assessment and DNA analysis to identify new high-value donors of significant traits to optimize a number of important stages of the breeding process. The objects of study are 22 hybrid forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different genetic origin. Hybrid own-root plantations of apple trees, planted in 2017, are located in Experimental Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). A standard differentiator, Priscilla, was used as a control for the presence of the Rvi6 gene. as well as apple tree varieties of the NCFSCHVW collection: Soyuz, Orfey, Florina. Research work was carried out at NCFSCHVW, using the Center for collective use of high-tech equipment and the Center for collective use of bioplant resources. The aim of the study was to isolate homozygous forms for the Rvi6 gene of resistance to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. among the hybrid material of the apple tree for further breeding use. The programs and methods of selection and variety study were used. The method of PCR analysis was applied to identify the presence of homozygosity for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene using the codominant marker AL07 in 22 new hybrids obtained from parental forms, carrying the Rvi6 gene in a heterozygote: Carmen, Liberty, Gemeni, Renuartsiv, Modi, Fujion, 12/1-21-63, 2034. According to the results of DNA analysis, it was found that 4 out of 22 studied samples were homozygous for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene; 10 heterozygous. Valuable for breeding homozygotes for the scab resistance gene Rvi6: 17/1-6-66, 17/2-6-4 (from the family 12/1-21-63 × Modi); 17/2-5-19, 17/2-5-20 (Carmen × Modi). The results of the study can be used to plan pollination schemes during hybridization, replenish the identified collections with new donors, structure the gene pool, supplement and develop information databases for use in breeding work and in production.
Modern intensive fruit growing involves the laying and exploitation of plantings with seedlings grafted on rootstocks, limiting the growth of trees with a simultaneous increase in the productivity of the garden with an increase in planting density. At the same time, the rootstocks themselves should provide not only a weakening of the growth force of trees, but also adaptability to soil conditions, which may differ significantly depending on the type of both the rootstock itself and the soil. The research aim is to study the influence of external environmental factors that are extreme for perennial fruit crops on the growth and development of their root systems. The studies were carried out on rootstocks of different growth strength (MM106, M26, M9 and seedlings of cultivated apple varieties). The study of root systems was carried out by the method of layer-by-layer excavations with subsequent fixation of the observation results. It has been established that apple rootstocks of different growth strength form a root system of different depth. There is a tendency an increase in the growth strength of rootstocks with a deeper development of the root system of apple trees. Apple trees grafted on taller rootstocks have a longer process of development (ontogenesis) of the root system. So, on the dwarf rootstock of M9, the depth of development of the soil profile does not differ in the sixth year from that in the third year, while in trees on a strong-growing rootstock it increased by 40 cm. The deepening root systems of trees with taller rootstocks, despite the increase in drought resistance of plants, can reduce the level of response of plants to the applied fertigation, which will require a transition from a system of microelement fertilizing during the growing season to non-root fertilizing. In the course of research, a mathematical model has been developed that shows the effect of the growth force of rootstocks, as well as the total weight of roots on the water deficiency of plants according to the formula: X18=1/(0.0010+0.0002*X1+0.0012*X17) with a multiple correlation accuracy of 0.9671.
One of the important indicators in the evaluation of new varieties and hybrids of plums are the biochemical parameters and taste qualities of fruits, which make it possible to determine the direction of their use for processing, but also, to identify sources of breeding-valuable traits. The article presents the results of an assessment of 15 new hybrids of domestic plum in the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, obtained from directed crosses. The aim of the research was to evaluate the fruits of domestic plum hybrids according to biochemical parameters (content of solids, sugars, acids, vitamin C, P-active substances), taste (sugar-acid index) and commercial qualities ( fruit weight, shape index, stone weight and its ratio to the total weight of the fruit), the selection of the best, according to a complex of valuable traits, for further use in the breeding process. It was established that under the conditions of the Prikuban horticulture zone, plum fruits accumulated on average 11.8 % of sugars, 18.0% of solids, 0.87% of acids. The highest content of sugars in the fruits of hybrids was observed in forms 17-1-55, 17-2-64 and amounted to 14.9 %. The sugar-acid index, as one of the main indicators of taste, was noted in the hybrid 17-2-64 (15.7). Plum hybrids 17-1-55 (5.1 mg/100 g) and 17-1-76 (5.0 mg/100 g) were characterized by a high content of ascorbic acid. The best indicators for the presence of P-active substances in fruits were recorded in hybrids 17-2-62 (85.9 mg/100 g) and 17-2-64 (90.6 mg/100 g). As a result, hybrid 17-2-64 was isolated, which is characterized by a high content of solids, sugars, P-active substances, as well as taste. It can be recommended as a source of breeding-significant traits for obtaining new varieties and expanding, to a certain extent, the genetic diversity of domestic plum.
Common plum is one of the important fruit crops. On the basis of the gene pool of varieties and hybrids of the Krymsk EBS branch of FRC ARIPGR named after N.I. Vavilov, a new promising variety of common plum was created Zhemchuzhina Juga, which meets the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar region for fruit plantations. The article shows the results of a comprehensive assessment of a new early variety of common plum, obtained from targeted inter-varietal crossing. The new variety has the following economically valuable indicators: early maturity gives a stable yield for 3-4 years after planting; early fruit ripening beginning-middle of the second decade of July; large-fruitedness the average weight of the fruit is from 61.0 g and above, the fruits are one-dimensional; average yield capacity 30.2 q/ha; resistant to fungal diseases (moniliosis less than 1 point, clasterosporiasis 0 points); drought resistance medium; variety of universal purpose with high quality of fresh fruits (4.7 points) and processed products (juice, compote, dried fruits over 4.5 points); high biochemical indicators of fruits (dry matter 17.7%, sugar 10.1%, acidity - 0.74%). The tree of Zhemchuzhina Juga variety is medium-sized from 1.70 m to 2.5 m, of medium density with straight shoots. The fruits are oblong in shape with a delicate skin, the main color is yellow, the integument is burgundy, solid, the flesh is yellow, tender, the character of the taste is sweet. The stone is large 1.3 g, and flattened. The variety is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation.
Grape culture in the Krasnodar region has been widespread since ancient times. However, despite this, the issues of studying and replenishing the gene pool of grapes with wild-growing forms remain open and relevant. In this article, the authors show the results of a study of wild grapes growing on the territory of the Safari Park Nature Park and in the Tonkiy Cape area of the Krasnodar region. As a result of the expedition research, seven populations of wild grapes were found with some similarities and differences in morphological and biological characteristics. A brief description of the ecological-geographical and natural-climatic conditions of growing wild forms of grapes of the studied territory is given. The studied forms are dioecious plants, as there are samples with both male and female flower types. Material was selected for further study from the found forms of grapes. The variability of some signs was found, for example: the degree of openness of the tops of young shoots and their pubescence, the saturation of the color of the tops of young shoots and young leaves, the type and degree of pubescence of the formed leaves, the shape and degree of corrugation of the leaves, the type of flower, the depth of leaf clippings, etc. At the time of sampling for further study, the studied wild forms of grapes had no visually visible damage by the main pests and diseases.