Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The paper presents a literature review for digital technologies and platform solutions in the field of plant protection, which take the industry to a new level of development. The first step towards digitalization is the wide use in the production of various sensors, data units, and operational monitoring stations. The everyday reality is the use in farms of GPS-navigators, controlling the electronic systems installed on technic, and weather stations in the field. In the next step, data coming from devices connected to a unit network in real time are processed and the specialist is provided with the results of the analysis of multiple factors as well as the reason for subsequent actions. This helps to monitor, differentiate technology elements and make the necessary adjustments for each plot. Easy-to-use applications contain the reference materials, identify the vermins, diseases and weeds and help you to choose the pesticide you need and calculate its amount, select and adjust the nozzles for spraying. The development and use of electronic services for smart agricultural systems are actively developing abroad, the leading companies in the industry strive to adjust for their IoT platforms. Among the Internet of things allow to make the transition to digitalization, unmanned aerial vehicles stand out. The main goal of the drone in plant protection is monitoring and spraying. In the EU, USA, China, Japan, the drones are actively used for crops processing, while in Russia only in May 2019, the Government approved the Rules for the accounting and use of unmanned aerial vehicles. Robotic technologies are also a component of the digital world, they occupy a large niche of application in the agriculture, their use in the world reaches 38 %. In the field of plant protection, the technologies are being developed for ultra low-volume application of pesticides, recognition and registration of harmful objects.
The most effective means of vineyards protection for fungal diseases are the treatment of plants with systemic fungicides. Long-term use of fungicides leads to their accumulation in the ecosystem of vineyards, where they can persist for a long time in the soil in its original form and partially migrate to plants and grapes. Preserving in the soil, the preparations reduce the functioning of beneficial soil microflora, worsen the properties and structure of the soil, intensifying the process of soil degradation. Soil toxic residues, accumulating in the grapes, do not ensure its food safety. The greatest efficiency, but also and environmental hazard, is represented by third- generation fungicides, consisting the previously used active ingredients Falcon, CE (spiroxamine + tebuconazole + triadimenol), Universal SP (tebuconazole), Kolosal, CE (tebuconazole), Kolosal Pro, KME (propiconazole + tebuconazole), having a complex structure that ensures their synergism and cumulativeness. The purpose of the work is to establish the degradation of organic fungicides of complex structures in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The residues of the studied fungicides in the soil were determined by well-known methods using a Tsvet 500M gas chromatograph. Research took a place in the vineyards of the specialized economies of the Black Sea coast against the background of long of use of these fungicides. Option 1 of the experiment the lack of treatments with fungicides in the current season; Option 2 fungicide treatments were carried out during research season. It has been established that in soil the toxic residues are detected 10 months after the last treatment in amounts exceeding the MPC by 4,7 times (tebuconazole); 5,2 times (propiconazole); 9,5 times (triadimenol). Some of them, migrate from the soil and accumulate in the grapes, that do not ensure its food safety.
A balanced diet is one of the main means of ensuring the normal physical and mental development, increasing in mains organism to diseases resistance. Studies have shown that the most school-age children do not adhere to a good balanced diet, therefore, children do not receive the necessary amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The use of a large quantity of fast food, carbonated drinks, and products fast cooking negatively affects the physical, emotional and mental development of children. A study of statistical data revealed that irregular nutrition contributes to an increase in the number of diseases at an early age. It has been established that over the past 7 years the number of diseases of the endocrine system, neoplasms, metabolic and eating disorders has increased. In this regard, much attention should be paid to the quality and safety of food products, and this is especially important for baby nutrition. At catering enterprises, a food safety management system is introduced and constantly maintained, as well as a HACCP system. The requirements for the catering of children nutrition in health institutions are set in accordance with the sanitary rules SanPiN 2.4.4.3155-13 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, maintenance and organization of work of stationary organization for recreation and childrens health, and SanPiN 2.4.5.2409-08 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the catering of students in secondary schools, institutions of primary and secondary vocational education. To food safety in the children's camp is given special attention. Quality control of children's nutrition is carried out from the intake of food raw materials up to the sanitary requirements for production stuff. Definition of control critical points allow to minimize or completely eliminate the influence of hazardous factors on food production for the children's camp.
Vitis Vinifera varieties are characterized by high productivity and organoleptic properties, which is appropriate for use in scientific researches and modeling. Mathematical modeling of variety productivity helps to predict the yield of existing vineyards and to select terroir for prospective plantations. The approbation of a descriptive index-based classification incorporated into integral indicator of grape productivity (IIGP) is presented in this paper. Factor included are climatic and soil-morphological and the area of study is the Black sea agroecological zone of viticulture for table intraspecific hybrids and varieties by NCRRIH&V and AZESV&W breeding. The studies were carried out on 13 varieties of the Anapa ampelographic collection, using the meteorological information on Anapa (2007-2018). In the mode following agroecological Parameters were used: the sum of active temperatures during the vegetation period, the absolute minimum temperature of the year and the number of days with minimum temperature below -1C in the period from April to October, the total precipitation, the exposition and the slope angle, position on the slope and soil type. The results of model testing were acceptable for 10 varieties, the model worked best for following varieties: Astanikskiy, Bely Ranniy, Kavkazskiy Ranniy, Larni Muskatny and Hrustyashchiy. Non-acceptable results are received for three varieties (Licodia, Muscat AZOS and Chernomor Anapa), and it means that model for them requires improvements. In case of evaluating the results of the model by frost grape resistance, the best result was observed for varieties with increased resistance to frost. The model is recommended to use for the selection of terroirs in the Black sea agroecological zone of viticulture and the effective use of varieties in the ampelocenoses.
The data of study of Kuban grapevines wild forms are presented to select the sources with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stress-factors. Wild forms of grapes can be both theoretical and practical value for breeding. The aim of the present work was to study the morpho-biological and genetic diversity of grape plants of the genus Vitis L., growing on the territory of the Utrish state nature reserved area on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The territory of the reserved area is interested for the study of wild forms of grapes as it was the place of ancient settlements. As a result of the expedition, wild grapes were found in the district Vodopadnaya shchel in the Utrish nature reserved area in the amount of 10 populations that are outwardly resistant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental stress-factors. A morphological and biological Study of grape plants was carried out and a characteristic of their ecological conditions was given. An ampelographic description of the forms by 10 characteristics is presented. In order to study the genetic diversity of the found forms, a DNA-marker analysis of wild grape plants was carried out. The study was performed using microsatellite markers linked to the Rpv3 and Rpv10 genes, which determine resistance to downy mildew. The presence of functional alleles of these genes in the analyzed samples helps to reveal the origin of genotypes, which is one of the objectives of the study. The indicated genes were not found in the found grape forms. In general, according to the results of microsatellite analysis, it can be noted, that some of the samples are polymorphic to each other, while others have a high degree of similarity. The work on the study of wild forms of grapes in this area is carried out for the first time