Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Adaptation of revitalized plants in vitro to conditions of an open ground is the final stage of technology of their receiving and the initial stage of basic nurserys foundation of intensive type. Improvement of feeding regime of basic plants of grapes has a special interest at a lack of nutritious elements on the sandy soils. Foliar feeding is often used as an urgent method for fast elimination of lack symptoms of individual nutrition elements in the plants. The aim was to study the influence of preparations of new generation as a part of not root feeding on development and formation of grapes plants in the first two years under the conditions of sandy soils of a basic nursery. It is established that the foliar plant feeding by a complex of mineral nutritious salts, in combination with preparations of new generation, in the conditions of sandy soils improved the growth and development of grapes plants. Introduction in the structure of fertilizers of immune modulate preparations promoted the qualitative reorganization of morphological indicators of plants development. For bigger efficiency under the conditions of the sandy soil it is recommended to apply the foliar feeding by complex fertilizers together with such preparations, as Zircon 0,1-0,2 ml/l; Epin 0,4 ml/l; Lignogumat Potash 0,3 g/l.
The effect of compaction of profile of brown forest soil on the orchards condition and the yield of apple varieties Idared, Renet Simirenko and Florina on the MM 106 rootstock under the conditions of foothills of the Krasnodar Territory is established. The existence of compacted layers in the profile of brown forest soil at a depth of 60-160 cm inhibits the growth of apple roots and their moving in the underlying soil layers. Reduction of plant nutritions area leads to decreasing of the growth processes and apple-trees productivity. It is established that the size of the annual growth shoots of trees with signs of oppression, depending on the variety, was 10-30% less, than on a control variant. The crop of fruits of oppressed trees was 50-70% less, than a crop of trees under a satisfactory conditions. The actual shortage of a crop of oppressed apple-trees over 3 years of research formed from 13,4 t/hectare (Renet Simirenko variety) to 24,3 t/hectare (Florina variety).
The fundamental basis for the solving of theoretical and applied problems of breeding is the culture gene pool. Native, age-old varieties of various regions of grapes cultivation, as well as wild forms, is the most valuable part of a world gene pool of culture. Local native varieties represent a great interest for solving of applied problems of breeding and fundamental questions. Just in genotypes of autochthonic varieties of grapes the complexes of traits providing adaptability of plants to specific agriclimatic conditions of cultivation can be revealed. The purpose of this work is studying of genotypes of the South Russian native grapes varieties on the basis of the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. Researches on genotyping of autochthonic grapes varieties of the South of Russia are begun. DNA profiles of 12 native varieties on microsatellite loci of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are received. It is established that each grapes variety has the own unique DNA profile. The varieties with rare alleles are determined by the studied loci in the research group of grapes varieties
Cultivation of callus tissue with the subsequent receiving of regenerants is a new direction in a breeding research. It is necessary to develop the technology of reliable receiving of regenerated plants for successful carrying out of research with use the callus cultures of wild strawberry. This method will open the ways of high effective mass breeding in vitro culture. The works purpose is the development of methodical aspects of increase of regeneration frequency in vitro system and the analysis of variability of plants from callus culture of wild strawberry. The growth regulators of cytokinin, auxin and gibberellic nature are used as inductors of a stem organogenesis. The results of research on regeneration of plants in the callus culture of wild strawberry (callus age is from 30 to 160 days) are given. It is established that the frequency of shoot regeneration was from 6,7 to 64% and depended on present of growth regulators in the medium, their concentration and an initial genotype. Some variants of induction medium on the basis of Murashige-Skoog recipe with an optimum combination of growth regulators are developed. The effective two-stage method of increase of regeneration ability of callus tissue is developed. The analysis of regenerated plants showed the considerable degree of variability of some traits which remained in R1 and R2 vegetative generations. The developed methodical approaches to increase of morphogenetic potential of callus cultures can be used for other varieties relating to a type of F. ananassa Duch. for increase of efficiency and direction of wild strawberry breeding process.
The method of embryo culture has more and more wide application in the interspecific hybridization of fruit plants. For its improvement the hormonal regulation of growth and development of embryos in vitro is researched and the optimal age of embryos injected into culture is defined. The main objective of the presented work is to receive the viable plants from puny seeds and not sprout embryos of hybrids of sweet cherry and cherry in the course of their cultivation in vitro and to allocate the effective growth regulators and to establish the optimal terms of embryos input in the culture. The results of research on cultivation in vitro of sweet cherry and cherry of 16 combinations of crossing are presented. The regenerants of hybrid embryos of cherry and sweet cherry in vitro culture from 16 combinations of crossings are received. For embryos culture of sweet cherry and cherry the best modification of Murashige-Skoog environment with 79 % level of embryos regeneration is allocated. The most effective concentration of gibberellic acid in the environment for cultivation of cherry and sweet cherry is revealed. That is 10 mg of gibberellic acid per 1 liter of the Murashige-Skoog environment, for all that the embryo size should be maximized.