Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
A distinctive feature of the grape rootstock it provides an economic yield not only of grape berries, but also of cuttings, which are used as a rootstock for grafting. Recently, new grape varieties have been created, that are tolerant to phylloxera and provide an economic yield of berries, the vine of these varieties can be used as a rootstock. When choosing a rootstock variety for each specific plot (zone), the phylloxera resistance, lime resistance, affinity, drought resistance, frost resistance, vegetation period, and nematode resistance are very important. There are no universal rootstocks that would fully possess the above properties. For each specific case, it is necessary to select those varieties of rootstocks that would more closely meet the natural conditions of the area. 13 new hybrid forms of grape rootstocks were studied, during the research data were obtained on the rootstock growth and development, morphology and yield. Research on the development of new hybrid rootstock forms of stocks has been conducted since 2010, these hybrids were obtained by crossbreeding and grown from seeds, from 3 to 4 years of age they began to yield berries and vines. This article presents data of the study from 2015 to up 2017. Over the course of long standing research, the individual combinations of crosses have shown very good results on growth vigor of bushes, shoots ripening, chlorine resistance, side shoot formation and resistant to disease and vermin infection. All hybrid bushes were exposed to artificial infection with phylloxera 2 times per year. This experiment showed that the bushes are not susceptible to infection, with the exception of 2 bushes of Krasnostop AZOS x f7 hybrid form, and 2 bushes of the Cabernet AZOS x f7 were affected by the leaf form of phylloxera.
The paper presents the results of experimental studies concerning the effect of different concentrations of sorbitol on the growth rate of the Agat Donskoy, Vostorg and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties at the stage of micro propagation in vitro. Agat Donskoy variety under the influence of sorbitol showed a decrease in the intensity of growth processes at the initial stage and an increase in further cultivation. During the entire period of cultivation, plants of Vostorg variety showed stimulation of growth processes at sorbitol`s concentrations of 5,0 g/l and 7,5 g/l and suppression of growth at concentrations of 10,0-30,0 g/l. All indicators of plant development in these variants were lower than the control ones. The possibility of long non-stop cultivation (up to 4 months) of Vostorg grapevine plants with the addition of sorbitol to the nutrient medium has been proved. Moreover, the plants were better preserved in a solid nutrient medium in the light, and the decrease in growth processes was more significant in a liquid nutrient medium. Cultivation in darkness inhibited the growth but there was also a large loss of plants. Studies were continued on the grapes plants of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety on a solid nutrient medium in the range of sorbitol concentrations 5,0-60,0 g/l. Intensity of growth processes in variants with sorbitol throughout the entire period of cultivation was slowed down. In addition to the inhibitory role of sorbitol at concentrations of 10,0; 20,0; 30,0 g/l the stimulation of grapevine growth processes at the minimum concentrations of the drug: 5,0 and, especially, 7,5 g/l was found out. The best safety of viable plants was noted in the variant of 7,5 g/l 92,9 %. The possibility of non-stop storage of plants for 10 or more months was revealed.
In this study, we present the experimental data of optimizing the protocol for using different combinations of phytohormones (6-BAP, GA3) to increase in tea microshoots in vitro culture. Subculturing was done in regular intervals from four to 16 weeks (four subcultures). It was find that adding growth regulator BAP to the nutrient medium, according to the prescription of Murashige-Skoog, the concentration of 3 mg/l had a significant effect the number of producing shoots. With an increase dose up to 5 mg/l, due of callus tissue proliferation, the inhibition of reproduction were recording. In the variants of experiments, with combination of different concentrations of BAP and GA3, microshoots multiplication was observed, in comparison with the experiment when BAP was not presented. The best effect of the GA3 addition in the average number of producing microshoots was demonstrated in the fourth subculture BAP in concentration of 3 mg/l + GA3 0,5 1 mg/l (7-7,4 qt./expl.) At the same time, gibberellic acid supported not only increasing in the quantity of adventitious microshoots, but also its proliferation in height, and it can be used for further multiplication, and shortening of rhizogenesis stage. A decrease in the microshoots quantity from one explant, lengthening of their meristem, morphology changing, and the appearance of fasciation symptoms are associated with the use of BAP higher concentrations (5-7 mg/l). On the green mass from one explant, there was a distinction in the results between different combinations of growth regulators. The largest green mass weight (385 mg), on nutrient medium of MS + 5 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l GA3 was obtained. The presence of BAP (7 mg/l) + GA3 (0,5-1 mg/l) supported to callus growth, which was the reason for the green mass weight decrease.
DNA-markers are an important tool for identifying grape varieties, making it possible to assume the origin of the variety, and to confirm or deny the information about the parent forms of a particular genotype. SSR markers of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the main minimum set in the work on genotyping the grape varieties. Using this set of SSR markers, we were genotyping the grape varieties of Antaris, Litdar, Mitsar, Dmitriy of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding. As a control to clarify the size of identified alleles, we used the DNA of reference varieties of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. DNA samples were isolated from young shoots. DNA profiling was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with analysis of the reaction`s products by capillary electrophoresis. Based on the obtained genotyping data, the following DNA passports of varieties were formed: Antaris VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27193 195 VVMD5230 242 VrZAG62188 200 VrZAG79251 261; Litdar VVS2133 135 VVMD7249 249 VVMD27180 195 VVMD5236 240 VrZAG62186 204 VrZAG79247 255; Mitsar VVS2139 143 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27182 190 VVMD5238 242 VrZAG62194 202 VrZAG79247 259; Dmitriy VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 251 VVMD27190 190 VVMD5234 234 VrZAG62194 194 VrZAG79243 261. To clarify the origin of the studied varieties, we compared the data obtained and the DNA profiles of the corresponding parent forms. The information about the origin of the varieties Antaris (Saperavi x Tsimlyanskiy chornyi), Litdar (Hindogny x Muscat Hamburg), Mitsar (Sereksiya x Cabernet Sauvignon), Dmitriy (Varusset x Granatovyi) is fully consistent with the data obtained by analyzing the DNA profiles of the genotypes of these varieties and their parent forms. Generated DNA passports can be used to identify the plants of these varieties and to check the planting material for purity, as well as for copyright protection.
As a result of many years study of grape technical hybrid forms the several hybrids were selected in elite. On the basis of phenological observations and agrobiological, morphological and chemical analyses, , it is concluded that these forms are recommended for the preparation of in dry and dessert wine. It was found that the content of phenolic substances in the berries is much higher in the studied elite hybrid forms than that in the control varieties. There is the lowest content of nitrogenous substances, which indicates a low probability of the so-called strangulation of future wines in these forms. The studied elite wine hybrids have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.0-1.2, the fertility coefficient 1.3-1.4, the yield per bush 6.0 kg. The elite hybrid forms studied in 2019 had good aging growth rates (of up to 69 %). They are much superior t o the mechanical composition of the bunches of control varieties: of the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin with seeds. This suggests that these elite hybrid forms can be the title of varieties, that is, they can be submitted to the State variety testing. The breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of viticulture and winemaking are doing a lot of work aimed at breeding new high-quality and productive technical varieties adapted to local conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera, noted that the requirements for wine grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines for which they can be used.