Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The cherrybark moth Enarmonia formosana (Tortricidae) causes significant damage to the trunks of fruit crops ( hawthorn, apple, cherry, pear, etc.) in the southern regions of Russia and the countries of southern and central Europe. The phenology of the cherrybark moth in the Leningrad Region has not been studied enough, which determined the purpose of this study. Pheromone monitoring of the flight dynamics of the Enarmonia formosana was carried out in the experimental orchard of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University (Pushkin district) and in the orchard Skrebovo (Luga district) in 2008-2009 and 2020-2021. Pheromone materials produced by JSC Shchelkovo Agrokhim (Shchelkovo, Moscow Region) were used, including synthetic sex attractants. Pheromone traps were placed in orchards according to the standard procedure, randomized in triplicate. As a result of trapping moths in conditions of the Leningrad region, a low number (29-31 moths per season) in 2008-2009, an outbreak of mass reproduction (524 moths) in 2020 and moderate development of the pest under the influence of seasonal abiotic factors in 2021 (297 moths) were revealed. The cherrybark moth flight dynamics in those years has been studied in detail. It is assumed that due to the continuing trends of climatic anomalies, the likelihood of a recurrence of favorable weather conditions for the cherrybark moth outbreak in orchards of the Leningrad Region is increasing. Original research and analysis of the literature have found that the cherrybark moth began to occupy a prominent place in the complex of orchard pests under the conditions of the north-west of the Russian Federation.
Worldwide studies conducted on various crops, including grapes, show the expansion of the species diversity of mycopathogens due to the appearance of new species. It is reported about the species Alternaria Nees, Fusarium Link, Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller, Penicillium Link, Cladosporium Link with pathogenic properties for plants on which they have not been detected before. These fungi cause leaf spotting and exist in pathocomplexes, the structures of which differ depending on the culture, the affected organ, and phenological phase. A complex of fungi was found on the grapes, which causes necrosis of the leaves and serious damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of the plant. A strong development of the disease leads to the death of the leaf plate. In our study, 13 species of fungi isolated from necrotic leaves were found. The dominant fungi are Alternaria Nees, the common Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Mucor Fresen., Fusarium Link. Minor Components are Penicillium Link, Aspergillus flavus Link, Trichoderma Pers., Cladosporium Link. The composition of the mycopathocomplex is dynamic, varies depending on the phenological phase and abiotic conditions. Aspergillus niger Tiegh and Fusarium Link is found on young leaves with necrotic damages together with Alternaria fungi. In hotter and drier July, the number of Aspergillus fungi increases, but the percentage of occurrence of Alternaria and Fusarium decreases. In August-September, on old and weakened leaves, Mucor Fresen was much more common in the mycopathocomplex, which may indicate its necrotrophy in relation to grapes.
The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of birth of Safaryan Artem Minasovich, the former director of the Anapa Regional Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking. It highlights the contribution of the famous Kuban scientist winemaker, talented organizer of scientific research on viticulture and winemaking, in the formation of viticulture and winemaking science in Russia. The wine brands developed under the guidance of Artem Minasovich were produced on an industrial scale and in different years won a diploma of the first degree, 2 diplomas of the second degree, 4 gold medals, 14 silver and one bronze medal at international tastings.
Cornus mas L. is one of the most common wild plants in Azerbaijan, introduced into culture and its fruits are among the most beloved fruits of the local population. Unfortunately, these fruits are short-lived and very poorly stored. Fresh, they are not available for a short time. Therefore, they are canned, and the canning of cornel is usually reduced to obtaining compotes and jam from it. This study is devoted to obtaining a concentrated juice base for clear beverages from fresh cornel fruits, given that this area has great potential for processing this specific raw material at a high rate and with high material return. The objects of research were fruits of varieties (Armudu zoğal and Irimeyvəli zogal) and forms (Meşə zoğalı -1, Meşə zoğalı -2) of cornel from the Guba region (Azerbaijan). The studies were conducted in accordance with GOST 16524-2017, which applies to fresh fruits of wild cornel (Cornus mas L.) and cultivated varieties (hereinafter cornel fruits) harvested, supplied and sold fresh for consumption, as well as intended for industrial processing. Obtaining a concentrated base of beverages was carried out by a method involving heating whole fruits in a stainless steel boiler with the addition of 20 % water to their mass at a temperature of 80-90 ºC before cracking of the fruits, pressing the heated mass together with water, clarification using the food enzyme Fructozym - MA manufactured by ERBSLOH Geisenheim A.G. (Germany), filtration and evaporation under vacuum to a pre-determined residual amount of water. The study of the composition of fresh fruits and juices was carried out by chemical analysis. It was found that fresh fruits and primary and concentrated juices obtained from them have an exceptionally high content of organic acids, tannins and coloring substances and ascorbic acid, which is why they can be attributed to products that can reduce the negative impact on the human body of the deteriorating environmental situation from year to year. The widespread introduction of this method of processing into practice will allow not only to intensify the processing of cornel fruits, but also to obtain a target product that can become the basis of functional beverages.
The article presents the results of scientific research by postgraduate students of the Department of Commodity Science, Food Technology and Public Catering of the Dagestan State Agrarian University and their mentors on the nutritional value of fig fruits grown on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. The authors studied the chemical composition of 3 varieties of fig fruits (Urozhaynyi, Brunsvik, Chernyi Pozdniy), grown in the Magaramkent region of the Republic of Dagestan. Data on the content of vitamins, micro-, macroelements and flavonoids of fig fruits in the conditions of Southern Dagestan are presented for the first time. The studies were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the research requirements of GOST 34322-2017. The fresh figs. Technic specifications. According to the results of studies, a sufficiently high content of flavonoids (from 251.62 to 310.01 mg%) and anthocyanins (from 227,24 and 285,12 mg%) was determined in fig fruits. Studies of the vitamin composition indicate that the Chernyi Pozdniy variety is rich in ascorbic acid, vitamin A, pantatenic and folic acids, choline, phylloquinone; the Brunsvik variety β-carotene, niacin, folic acid; the Urozhaynyi variety niacin and choline. According to the mineral composition: the Urozhaynyi variety contains a greater amount of phosphorus, iron, selenium, nickel, lead, iodine; the Brunsvik variety is distinguished by a high content of sodium, calcium, potassium, silicon, iron, zinc; the Chernyi Pozdniy variety has a high content of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, silicon, copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, manganese. It is proved that fig fruits contain functional food ingredients and can be used for the production of functional products pastilles, chips, preserves, compotes, jam, fruit pita bread, dried fruits, etc.