Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the Anapa-Taman conditions (the summer period of 2014-2016) it is considered the questions of adaptation of various ecological and geographical origin grapes to abiotic and biotic stresses, and also the problem of formation mecha-nisms of their productivity. As a result of the carried out research the comparative data are obtained that characterizing a physiological condition of grapes plants when strengthening action of stressful factors. In the work the modern physiological and biochemical methods of research with the highly effective analytical equipment, and also methods of light microscopy have been used. The results of the carried out research have shown that the studied grapes varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under the influence of stressful factors made active the different systems and it is confirmed by change of key physiological and biochemical and anatomical and morphological indicators of plants. The various mechanisms of adaptation of the studied grapes varieties during vegetation to a drought and a high-temperature stress caused by their different ecological and geographical origin are revealed. The varieties with economical valuable properties perspective for use in the breeding and cultivation in the production orchards in the South of the Russian Federation are selected. In the process of studying of stability of grapes varieties to biotic stresses of the vegetation period it is established that at bigger content in the plants leaves of chlorogenic acid, that is metabolic precursor of a lignin and create of the adverse conditions for develop-ment of phytopathogens, the Crystal grapes are defected by mildew less, than plants of Krasnostop of AZOS and Dostoyny (Kcorrel. = 0,92). The high inverse correlation is revealed between intensity of development, percent of defeat of grapes plants by mildew and the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of grapes plants of the studied varieties (Kcorrel. = - 1).
The fertilizers significant by effect the vital functions, harvest and grapes quality. Microfertilizers and growth regulators influence the growth of shoots, laying of fruit organs, leaves mass of bushes and a harvest of grapes. These indicators allow to predict the orchards productivity. The purpose of research is to reveal the influence of the different modes of mineral nutrition with use of PoliMiks-Agro preparation the growth processes of Moldova table grapes, the laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences, resistance of plants to a drought, productivity and quality of berries juice in the conditions of Anapa-Taman zone of wine growing. The PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer has applicated before blossoming and during active growth of berries and in two weeks before maturing of grapes. It is established that fertilizers have positively affected the shoot's productivity, the fruitfulness of bushes of Moldova grapes increased for 3-15 % The ratio of the connected and free water in the plant tissues is an indicator of plant resistance to dehydration, and consequently, also its adaptability under the water stress conditions. The biggest ratio of the connected and free water in the leaves the option with triple processing of grapes plants is characterized. The reliable changes of orchards productivity under the influence of PoliMiks-Agro are established. In comparison with control the harvest increase from fertilizers effect has made 2,4-3,8 t/hectare. The harvest increase is maximum when fertilizers are using in the norm of 2 liter/hectare. The research has shown that under the influence of microfertilizers the sugar content in the berries juice have increased and acidity of juice have decreased. The best indicators of sugar content of Moldova grapes were when processing of PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer in three time, on 1 liter/hectare.
The influence of leaves dressing by the preparations containing in composition of melamine acid salt (Melafen) and silicon (Siliplant-u) has been studied. Their positive influence adaptability of basic plants to conditions of basic nursery placed on the sandy massif of the Ust-Donetsky territory of the Ros-tov Region is established. Processing of parent bushes leaves by these preparations considerably improved their growth indicators, promoted the high-quality changing of morphological parameters of plants development and vine maturing, increased in water-retaining ability of leaves. The greatest effect was noted in the options of application of the Melafen preparation. The application of this preparation promoted the reliable increase in a shoot length and growth of a bush. In this option is noted the increase in the area of one leaf and total area of a parent plant leaves, also is noted the improvement of the majority parameters of plants maturing. The use of the microfertilizer containing silicon (Siliplant-U) available to plants in the composition also on the majority of the studied indexes gave a stable positive effect in comparison with a control option. It is established that not root processings considerably influence water-retaining ability of the leaves. In a process of vegetation the values of this parameter in all options of experience considerably change. The leaves have the highest water-retaining ability at the beginning of vegetation (in May), and the least ability the leaves have in the end of vegetation (October). Content of nonvolatile solids in the leaves (% to water), on the contrary, during vegetation increases, and the content of water at the same time respectively falls. Throughout vegetation the best water-retaining ability of leaves was marked out most often in an option with combined use of a complex mineral fertilizer and elafen preparation.
The basis of modern technologies of cultivation of fruit and berry crops are the physiological and biological regularities of plants development. This circumstance assumes the development of the high-quality technologies providing the steadily high productivity of fruit orchards. In this regard the most important direction of scientific research in a nursery keeping is studying and an assessment of efficiency of plants growth stimulators and the organic-mineral fertilizers and antistressants. It was a main task of our work. The research was carried out with a gooseberry for revival of this valuable crop. The rooting of gooseberry varieties in a nursery was carried out on the basis of LLC EPF of K.A. Timeryazev in the Ust-Labinsk district of Krasnodar Region. The field methods of research of plants growth and development indexes and mathematic-statistic techniques of processing of the obtained data were used in the work. The carried out statistic analysis has shown a considerable specific reaction of the studied gooseberry genotypes on not root top dressing by various organic and mineral fertilizers, such as Raykat development, Aminokat, and of IAA stimulator of growth and root creation. The carried out research have re-vealed also the various extent of influence of IAA growth factor and the organic and mineral fertilizers the efficiency of reproduction of gooseberry varieties in the nursery by method of horizontal layers. The data of the three-factorial dispersive analysis of dynamics of growth and development of gooseberry layers, when processing uterine plants, by the preparations studied in an experiment, the influence of prep arations such indicators as quantity of plant roots and total length of roots have proved. The efficiency of use of the studied preparations in the nursery and degree on their influence the development of gooseberry varieties are revealed
Fruits and berries are the important and irreplaceable component of the population balanced diet. In this article the results of studying of the chemical composition of currant berries are given, their high nutrition and biological value, and also antioxidant properties is noted. The difference of varieties and the level of accumulation of soluble solids, sugars (including glucose, fructose, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic), vitamins, polyphenols and pectina substances are established. It is shown that currant berries in the food are the sources of functional ingredients, such as sugar, presented generally by fructose and glucose, vitamins C and P, anthocyans, pectin substances. The specific peculiarity of currant is high acidity of berries more than 2 %. The medicine and prophylactic properties of currant berries connect with the high level of pectin's accumulation more than 1 %: Podarok Leta variety 1,14%, Celechenskaya 1,03 %. The blackcurrant berries content the big quantity of vitamins, in comparison with red current, the contain of vitamin C more by 4 time on average, of vitamin P twice more. It is selected the blackcurrant varieties of Muravushka, Nara, Perun are the sources of high content of biologically active substances: the content of vitamin C in the berries more than 100 mg, 130 mg of vitamin P and 300 mg of anthocyans in 100 g of berries. Among the studied varieties of red currant on a complex of biochemical indicators the varieties of Dar Orla, Podarok Leta are interesting because they content more than 30 mg / 100 of vitamin C in berries and more than 85 mg / 100 of vitamin P