Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The data on the mechanical properties of feijoa fruits under conditions of Southern Daghestan are presented for the first time. The studies, the data of which are given in this work, were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the requirements of GOST 342172017 Fresh feijoa. Technical conditions. The result of the study is the determination of the size and weight of the fruits of the four studied varieties of feijoa (Coolidge, Superba, Choiseana (Republic of Azerbaijan) and Choiseana (Republic of Daghestan)), obtained from different areas of growing. It has been shown that the Superba variety has the largest fruits, the average mass of which is 39.7 %, and they be attributed to large fruits. The size of transverse diameter of this fruit is 54.0 mm, the length is 61.1 mm, the ratio H: D = 1.13 conventional units. Varieties of Kulidzh and Choiseana from the Leninokan Region can be classified as medium-weight ones by average mass and H: D ratio (average mass is 28.8 and 23.5 g, respectively). As for the Choisean variety introduced in the village of Tagirkent (Republic of Dagestan), the size of its fruits is much lower 12.8 g, which is almost 2 times less than the fruits of the same variety grown n the Republic of Azerbaijan. Accordingly, the size of the transverse diameter of this variety is smaller 23.5 mm, the length of the fruit is 35.7 mm. However, preliminary testing assessment has showed that the small feijoa fruits from Tagirkent are much sweeter than the fruits of other testing objects.
In the process of scientific research, a new experimental installation for accelerating reproduction of grapes and other crops was developed. In this installation the stratification, cultivation, thermotherapy is carried out in a single technological cycle. In addition, in the process of cultivation the grafts and seedlings saturates with essential nutrients. This article presents the results of studies on the saturation of the grape grafts in macro- and microelements at different temperatures and different time. The highest yield of healthy sapling (80,6 %) was obtained when treated for 10 minutes with steam at t 45-50 º. Because of the use of complex Albite preparation the best callus formation, the most intensive growth of shoots, a large area of leaf surface and best plant survival on the plantation were noted. Albite contains the active substance poly-and beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacterias of Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Under the natural conditions, these bacterias live on the roots of plants and stimulate their growth, protect against diseases and adverse environmental conditions. The preparation also includes a substance that enhances the effect of the main active ingredient, a balanced set of macro-and microelements and terpenic acids of pine-needles extract. Albite does not contain alive microorganisms, which makes the action of the drug more stable and less affected by environmental conditions. The saturation of grafts with macro- and microfertilizers with the help of the created experimental installation will help to improve the quality, yield of saplings and yield capacity of grape plantations without the use of pesticides in the process of sapling cultivation.
Information technology long time ago an integral part of our daily lives. Software when used correctly allows you to save time (our main resource) and, as a result, money; make fewer mistakes; perform fundamentally new operations that are difficult to do without a computer. Software for agriculture also has the same importance. Computer programs for crop production allow you to structure information, perform its operational processing, generate reports and tasks, provide information support for management decisions and make management of agricultural production more convenient and effective. In the field of agriculture, there is a fairly wide range of programs that compete with each other without achieving absolute leadership. Each of them has some advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the creation of such programs is caused by the practical need to automate the calculation process in the development of design and estimate documentation for laying the long-term plantations, as well as increasing labor productivity by reducing time costs. The developed software uses a step-by-step data entry algorithm to minimize errors in the calculation of project documentation. The output data is a file in Microsoft Excel format with ready tables for printing the document. Similar software products in various industries are often not a complete solution and have a large number of disadvantages. Our software product is developed using the object-oriented programming languages and also using the databases to get the source code closed to the user and avoid third-party interference.
Osmia is an effective pollinator of fruit crops. Study of its development biology is very relevant from the point of view of its mass reproduction that in modern conditions may help to increase considerably in the yield of fruit crops taking into consideration decrease in number of honey bees. Imago spend winter in cocoons. In natural habitat the flight out of Osmia is registered in spring at the weather conditions 8-10 ºC. After coupling male bees die and a female bee starts to find the place for nesting. Females occupy the ready nest channels. The building of cells in nest channels begins with the forming of initial plug, consisting of soil pieces. Having finished the building of initial plug the bee begins to store foods in the cells - pollen and nectar. It takes a day to build a cell under favorable conditions. The process continues until the nest channels are filled. In the end of building the nest the channel is closed by a plug. By means of observation and pollen analysis it was registered that Osmia Rufa has visited flowers of 13 species of plants of 7 kinds. The pollen of two plants species was found in 55,3 % of the cells. The pollen of three plants in 13,3 %. The pollen of four plants in 22,6 %, the pollen of five plants in 5,4 % and the pollen of six in 2,4 %. The pollen of plants of kind Rosaceae was found in 55,1 % of the cells, of kind Lamiaceae in 19,8 %, of kind Asteraceae in 8,3 %, of kind Carpofiliaceae in 6,3 %, of kind Paeoniaceae in 4,7 %, of kind Corylaceae 4,2 %, of kind Ranunculaceae 1,6 %. Osmia rufa develops in one generation. According to data obtained for many years the embryonic development Lasts from 3 to 10 days. The development of larva 13,8-44,5 days. A pupa becomes an adult bee in 21-22 days. Thus, the whole cycle of bee development lasts 50,8-136,5 days, talking into considiration that larva being inactive.
The improvement of the organization and planning of the field experiment with fertilizers is due to a significant expansion of the range of agrochemicals and insufficiently detailed reflecting of setting up experiments issues with the use of special fertilizers in the nursery that was set out in the Program and methodology of varietal studies of fruit, berry and nut crops. Moreover, a high level of intensification of the modern production technologies development is required to clarify the agrochemical aspects of laying stationary experiments and to increase the reliability of the experimental results obtained by using of high-quality planting material, new complex special fertilizers and biologically active substances. The author's novelty of the approaches to the formulation of experiments with fertilizer described in the article is due to the elements of the method tested for the first time when laying a stationary experiment in the second field of the nursery on apple seedlings of the Gala and Champion varieties. The stages of laying the experiment are defined by the site reconnaissance, soil and agrochemical survey with the use of generally accepted methods and GOST Standards, the principle of selecting accounting plants, and the development of a phytomonitoring program using modern mobile equipment. To identify the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing of plants in the nursery, the method of leaf analysis is proposed. The terms and quantity of selected plant samples are regulated. Analyses of plant material are carried out in accordance with generally accepted and original methods. It is recommended to store experimental data in an electronic journal for preliminary digital processing and statistical evaluation using the Microsoft Office Excel program. The form of the electronic journal depends on the volume information. For statistical evaluation of the results of the experiment with the number of repetitions no more than 4, the method of B.A. Dospekhov is recommended, which allows to use the data obtained in the experiment in a reasoned way, is recommended.