Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The gray apple aphid is quite widespread on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries, however, there is still no its cartographic description in the literature in this territory, which is important in predicting the number of the vermins, and it became the task of our work. The paper presents a map of the distribution and zone of harmfulness of the Gray Apple or red-ball aphid Dysaphis devecta Walk. along the territory of Russian Federation and neighboring countries. It was created on the basis of analysis of literature sources, own observations and data on catching aphids by water traps in the fruit orchards. The information about the biology and ecology of the species is also presented and with the using of yellow water traps, the Northern border of the district was clarified. It runs along the Saint-Petersburg (Gatchina, Luga regions) Yaroslavl, then the line goes to East along the Northern border of apple orchards. No insects of this species were found in traps in the North regions. Grey Apple aphids are found in the Baltic area, Belarus, and the European part of Russia. The zone of Grey Apple aphids harmfulness includes the Southern and Eastern parts of Ukraine, Moldova, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, where the vermin periodic damage of plants is 2 points, in some foci the damage degree is 3 points. This is an industrial gardening area. The Grey Apple aphid is found in the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia, but the reproduction intensity of species in this territory is low due to the long winter period with temperatures below -20 ºC and low humidity. In some years, a small number of apple aphid is observed in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, where the summer temperatures above 30 ºC, with low humidity, have a detrimental influence the population.
Since 2013, in the Krasnodar Territory, fungi of the Fusarium Link genus have been the causative agents of rotting the apple fruits core, in 2019, 7 species of this genus have been identified as part of the pathocomplex. In order to effectively control the disease, in the pathogenesis of which a large number of species are involved, in vitro studies are required. It is necessary to achieve fast and guaranteed growth of each of the fungies. Significant variability of morphological and cultural characteristics of Fusaria is known during their cultivation under the influence of the composition of growing medium. In this regard, the selection for Fusarium fungi-pathogens of rot of the apple fruits core optimal for the cultivation of growing medium is actual. The studies were carried out by laboratorian and comparative analysis methods. We studied the growth of three pathogens of rotting the apple tree fruits core of the Fusarium Link genus in 10 growing medium. The radial colony growth rate and morphological and cultural characters were evaluated. As a result of studies in species F. semitectum (Mart.) Sacc., F. sporotrichioides Sherb. and F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. was found that not only the growth rate of the colonies was varied, but also their cultural characteristics depending on the growing medium. To cultivate the studied pathogenic fungi, carrot and tomato agar were isolated in the our experiments as universal medium on which the colony growth was most intense. Additionally, the growing medium were proposed for each species: for F. solani Murashige and Skoog medium; for F. semitectum medium Murashige and Skoog and wort agar; for F. sporotrichioides Nirenberg medium, potatoes-glucosal agar and wort-agar.
The problem of maintaining the quality of agricultural products is of great urgency in the world. Fresh fruits are an indispensable component of a balanced diet, they are the most important source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants. Ensuring by fruits of the population of the country is an important national economic task. Currently, domestic gardening does not satisfy the population's need for fruit and berry products. Extension of the fruits implementation period can significantly increase in the competitiveness of products. Our task was to maximize the preservation of the quality of peach fruits during storage based on the improvement of technological methods. Since the fruits are living products, it is possible to extend the storage period and reduce losses only by creating the conditions that ensure maximum slowdown of metabolic processes in them. Such conditions are fruit cooling and a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the fruit. In order to extend the period of peach fruits realization, especially when transporting over long distances, the fruits storage in a modified atmosphere (MA) was studied using StePac Xtend packaging materials (packages), creating a modified gas environment, as well as ethylene absorbers Inter Fresh. Post-harvest fruit treatment is carried out using one of the most effective preparations for maintaining their quality indicators. It should be found that the most effective way for fruits storage in MA was preliminary cooling of the peach fruits, in which the original qualities are best preserved: the fruit hardness, juiciness, freshness and appearance. The use of this technological method has shown the effectiveness of its application, which is confirmed by a higher yield of marketable products. The healthy fruits with preliminary cooling and storage in MA were 75-82 %, in as well as control 65-70 %, the content of vitamins C and P are 85-86 %.
Forsythia is one of the most spectacular early-spring flowering shrubs. The genus Forsythia contains 13 natural species and several hybrid ones Forsythia × intermedia Zabel, Forsythia × mandschurica Uyeki., and complex hybrid Forsythia × intermedia Zabel. × Forsythia ovata Nakai.. Three species F. × intermedia Zabel., F. ovata Nakai F. intermedia Zabel. × F. ovata Nakai. were recommended for ornamental gardening in the humid subtropical zone of Russia. Morphological and biological characteristics of 15 varieties of 4 species: F. × intermedia ('Densiflora', 'Golden Times', 'Lynwood', 'Maluch', 'Mikador', 'Primulina', 'Spectabilis', 'Spring Glory', 'Vitellina', 'Week-end'), F. koreana 'Kumson', F. ovata 'Tetragold', F. intermedia × ovata ('Beatrix Farrand', 'Goldzauber', 'Parkdekor') were studied on the basis of the botanical garden "Tree of friendship", "Subtropical Botanical garden of Kuban", arboretum parks "Southern cultures" and "Dendrarium". Early-flowering F. × intermedia 'Densiflora' and F. × intermedia 'Spectabilis' of medium flowering period are recommended as the main varieties for landscaping objects of the Sochi Black sea region. The cultivar with the latest flowering period is Forsythia intermedia × ovata 'Beatrix Farrand'. The distinctive light color shade is noted for F. × intermedia 'Maluch'. The tallest variety is F. × intermedia 'Lynwood', and the shortest variety is F. × intermedia 'Mikador'. As a result of study carried out we made a conclution that it is necessary to continue work on attracting and testing the world assortment of forsythia in the region, as well as to start regional breeding research to obtain the new varieties resistant to stress-factors of region.
The choice of packaging materials for wines is difficult, since they are very sensitive to the perception of unnecessary odors, contact with polymers gives them unnecessary flavor, changes in the bouquet, and the stronger drinks extract even the smallest impurities. Today, wine products are bottled in various types of consumer packages. In accordance with current legislation, the wine drinkable is not limited. However, this statement is not confirmed by research, aimed at studying the change in the quality of alcoholic products in packages not made of glass. Meanwhile, the market for auxiliary materials, packaging in particular, is constantly growing and developing, offering the new solutions for wine bottling. But the wines in other types of consumer packaging require a special storage conditions and drinkable objectively established and confirmed. In this regard, the purpose of our work was to study the change in the quality of wines in different types of packaging during storage. The main objectives of the study were to monitor the knowledge of the issue in this area; to evaluate the quality of wines, placed in various types of packaging, according to organoleptic and physicalchemical indicators; compare the degree of change in the quality of wines depending on the type of packaging in which the product is placed; to assess the impact of packaging on changes in the qualitative composition of wines. The material presented in this article assesses the existing types of packaging agents used for bottling the alcoholic beverages. The change in the quality indicators of wines depending on the type of packaging was researched, their comparative study was carried out. The change in interrelated physical and chemical parameters, which varied depending on the category of wine and the type of packaging agents is shown.