Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The damage of grapes wood organs by mycoses in various degree cause the deterioration in the general phytosanitary condition of vineyards up to irreversible. The systematic research on studying of this group of grapes diseases in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia weren't conducted throughout the entire period of crop cultivation. In this regard there was a need of deeper studying of the infection complex associated with weakening of productional potential of modern vineyards of the West Ciscaucasian region. The aim of our work was clarification of the reasons of defeat of grapes wood parts, the identification and the analysis of mycoflora of tracheomycoses patocomplexes. The grapes plants with various signs of growth weakening up to drying and microflora of the damaged wood parts were the objects of our research. The phytosanitary monitoring about 2,5 thousand hectares of grapes orchards has been carried out. It is shown that the development of the tracheomycoses complexes was preceded by strong stressful impact on grapes plants of abnormal weather conditions of 2014-2015. As a result, the conducting system of grapes plants has been broken and there the fungeus patoflora began to develop later. The weakening of a sap flow due to vessel stopping up has led to decrease in metabolism of grapes bushes in general. Extent of decrease in activity of metabolic processes in the plants depended on extent of stress influence and extent of mycopatoflora's develop-ment. The withering and the drying of grapevine organs (leaves, bunches, shoots) were the external manifestation of the revealed nonspecific tracheomycosises which have developed after winter and spring frosting of organs and they intensified after a summer drought. We made a conclusion that the monitoring at a stage of nurseries should be carried out not only on specific tracheomycoses infections, but also on nonspecific infections and it demands a special attention.
The purpose of this work was the search, mobilization and preservation of genetic apple-tree resources for studying and use of biodiversity of forms of cultural plants in a breeding process and production. The objects of research were the genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the process of scientific-research work the breeding programs and techniques including the techniques developed with participation of research associates of the Center of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticultural and Viticulture were used. The preservation and replenishment of genetic collection by new varieties and perfect forms of an apple-tree were the result of carried our research. The valuable genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy are selected: there are the sources of signs of fast bearing and dwarf vigor and high adaptation to a drought. The selected genotypes combine the immunity to a scab with high field resistance to mildew, as well as with the late term of blossoming that allow plants to avoid the damages by spring frosts. In the process of research work we have selected 2 new donors of immunity to a scab (12/1-21-25 and 12/2-21-65), and also the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of an apple-tree. The elite form 12/2-20-39 is selected as a source of fruit big size taking into accounts the long-term observations. The elite forms and new apple varieties with Vf genome are rather perspective for active use in a breeding when consecutive backcrossing process with highly productive varieties, possessing the high commercial characteristics of fruits, but susceptible to a scab, for receiving of high-quality, adaptive, immune to a scab apple-tree genotypes of new generation
The results of plum breeding in the South of Russia are presented in the article. The hybrid plum forms have got using a wide variety of a genetic collection of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. These forms will be a basis for expansion of the existing assortment of this crop in the South of Russia and their use in the further breeding work. It is shown that the hybrid seedlings of NCRRH&V breeding have a rather high level of winter hardiness and resistance to the main diseases because in the process of their creation were used the highly adaptive plum varieties, such as Kabardinskaya Rannia, Prikubanskaya, Vengerka Albakha, President, Osennia and others. It is specified that the key importance in the process of variety creation has a selection of parental plum couples, possessing a complex of positive signs. The selection of valuable parental forms sources of a complex of the signs, accelerating the breeding process, is possible as a result of use of a plum gene pool. The created hybrid forms are selected on adaptability (winter hardiness, resistance to diseases), and productivity (fast bearing, yielding) and quality of fruits (weight, size, tasting assessment). As a result of the carried out research it is selected the high winter-hardy hybrids such as 17-6-80, 17-6-82, 17-6-110, 17-6-123, and also 17-6-80 and 17-6-82 forms steady against the main diseases. The assessment of technical fruits indicators of the studied hybrids and productivity of plum seedlings has allowed to select the top quality, fast bearing and fruitful forms: 17-6-82 (19,8 kg / tree), 17-6-110 (21,0 kg / tree) and 17-6-123 (33,5 kg / tree). The short characteristic of the perspective plum hybrid forms selected in the course of breeding is presented in the article.
The production genetic potential of 9 cherry varieties of home and foreign breeding was studied. The main components of the biological productivity (bouquet and fruit branch-es, annual shoots, fruiting buds), the features of their laying and their relationship are studied. The specificity of formation of biological potential of cherry trees depending on features of varieties and the age of fruit wood is shown. Identified the generative shoots, which form the greatest potential of productivity, that is the basis of fu-ture harvest. The advantage in the for-mation of the future harvest have the bouquet branches due more number and their high roductivity. In the process of research it is selected the Molodezhnaya, Erdi Boterno, Kirina, Shalunya, Nefris varieties with high bio-logical productivity of more than 30 bouquet branches/metre. It was found that the majority of bou-quet branches (49 %) of the cherry varie-ties under study consists 4-5 buds, which form the basis of future harvest. The bearing branches create the greater number of generative elements and 30 % of them form to 7 buds. How-ever, their number in the tree crown only 6%, unlike bouquet branches, that number prevails (86 %). The number of new shoots on the studied cherry trees is also small 8 %. The most productive part of the basic trees branches this is the branches of 2 to 4 years old, where the largest number (up to 95 %) of the generative shoots is formed. Accord-ing to result of research it is selected the cherry varieties with an optimal combination of economic and biological characteristics (high yield, large and commodity fruits) Krasno-darskaya Sladkaya, Kirina and Vstrecha.
The questions of adaptative resistance of apple-tree varieties of various ecological-geographical origin to hydrothermal conditions of the winter and summer periods of plants development in the North Caucasian region of Russia are considered in the article. In the process of carried out research the comparative data characterized a physiological condition of apple-tree studied varieties during the winter and summer periods of 2013-2016 are obtained. The modern physiological-biochemical and anatomical-morphological methods of research with use of highly effective ana-lytical equipment are used in the work. It is noted that tree ploidy apple varieties of the Souys and the Rodnichok of native breeding, and also the diploidy varieties of the Aydared (USA) and Precubansko-ye (native breeding) in a winter time on physiological and biochemical parameters show themselves as high winter-hardy, in comparison with others studied varieties. It is shown that biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to a low-temperature stress is reached due to synthesis of the increased amount of proline, su-crose, the phenolcarbonic, chlorogenic, ABA acids and peroxidase. It is established that during the summer vegetative period of 2013-2016 the tree ploidy apple varieties of the Soues and the Rodnichok, and also the diploidy of Precubanskoye (all varieties of native breeding) have the best ability to adapt to a high-temperature stress and a drought, in comparison with other studied varieties. In the leaves of these apple varieties under the condition of summer extremal temperatures it is accumulated, more form of water, proline, sucrose and ABA, made the protective function, are accumulated. The adaptation features of plants revealed in the course of the research prove the necessity of use of potential opportunities of native apple varieties for breeding process as sources of signs of winter hardiness and drought resistance.