Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In recent years, interest in the production of port wine type liquors has increased: the volume of their production in 2019 increased in 5.3 %. Previous studies have shown the possibility of quality Ports making from white hybrid grape varieties. The purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of using red grape varieties Dionysus, Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoyny for the production of liquor wines such as Port. It has been found that according to physic-chemical parameters, the wine materials from the studied grape varieties are identical to the ones of control wine materials from the classic variety of Cabernet-Sauvignon. It was shown that the value of oxidation-reduction potential was, mV: Cabernet Sauvignon 402; Dionysus 447; Krasnostop AZOS 432; Decent 429, so the wine materials made from hybrid grape varieties were more inclined to oxidation than wine materials from the classic Cabernet Sauvignon. The greatest amount of phenolic compounds sum was identified in wine materials from the Krasnostop AZOS and Dostoyniy grape varieties, anthocyanins from Krasnostop AZOS, monomeric forms of polyphenols from Dionysus. According to the composition of aroma-forming components, port wine type materials made from hybrid red grape varieties are close to the control sample from Cabernet-Sauvignon. The concentrations of acetaldehyde and esters were identical. Wine materials from red hybrid grape varieties were more inclined to oxidation, as a result of which they were faster ported. The porting regimes are substantiated: oxygen dosage should be limited to 20 mg / dm3 due to its significant influence the oxidation of phenolic substances; temperature of porting must be maintained at the level of 50-55 º. The typing duration must be 7-10 days.
The article presents the results of identifying the processes of transformation of nisin in wine during interaction with bentonites of various manufacturers. An attempt is made to study the mechanisms of interaction of the nisin antibiotic with mineral sorbents of various deposits by identifying the relative degree of its removal, as well as to establish the effect of technological processing of bentonite clays the composition of inorganic cations and organic acids in wines. With the addition of nisin, the amount of ammonium, potassium, and magnesium decreased, which is possibly due to the binding ability of nisin with respect to these cations due to its polypeptide structure. It was experimentally established that when the Nizin preparation was introduced and the wine was treated with bentonite clays, the difference between the average values of the mass concentrations of organic acids in wine was not statistically significant. It was found that the processing of white table wine with the addition of nisin by bentonite clays as a whole showed a high degree of nisin removal more than 80 %. It was found that the degree of dispersion (particle size) of bentonites did not significantly affect their sorption ability relative to the nisin. The external and internal factors as activators and inhibitors of adsorption for the removal of nisin are analyzed. It has been suggested that the interaction of nisin with bentonites occurs mainly due to electrostatic reactions, and not due to adhesion forces that increase with decreasing sorbent particle size. The possible mechanisms of nisin sorption in the process of its detection in the wines are proposed. It is recommended to use the bentonite clays of Bentovin (Dash-Salakhninskoye deposit, Republic of Azerbaijan), Vinobent (Mine "10th farm", Khakassia) for ensuring the consumer safety of wines containing the residual amounts of nisin.
After processing of grapes there is a huge amount of waste, including about 20-30% of grape pomace, which must be involved in further turnover. Grape pomace consists mainly of the skin, seeds, ridges and remaining pulp, the processing of which will partially to solve both environmental and economic issues related to the involvement of pomace in the technological process of production of new products. The grape berry contains such organic acids as malic, citric, amber, oxalic, lactic and others, the study of which is also of scientific and practical interest. The composition of organic acids of sweet pomace from grape varieties: Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Traminer, Pinot Noir, as well as fermented: Merlot, Saperavi. Pomaces are selected at the enterprises of the Krasnodar region is studied in this work. Studies of organic acids were carried out in water-alcohol extracts. First, the pomace was extracted with hot water (70 ℃), and then with ethyl alcohol of 96.5 % vol., that made it possible to extract more fully the organic acids. Comparison of organic acids content in the samples was carried out after conversion to dry matter. It was revealed that the main acids of grape pomace are tartaric and malic acids. Concentrations of tartaric acid varied from 20.30 g/kg to 70.99 g/kg, malic acid from 4.75 to 19.40 g/kg. The grape variety, the conditions of its processing, the place of grape growing had a significant impact the concentration of both total and individual organic acids.
Grapes are a valuable cultural plant for human. It is used fresh, as a raw material for the juice, wine and canning industries, and for the various types of dried products. Of the total number of grapes produced in the world, 80-90 % is used for processing into wines, juices and other products, up to 10 % of the grapes are consumed fresh and 5-6 % goes to drying. Industrial management of high-quality grape plantations and nurseries is impossible without the use of scientific knowledge that allows you to identify the most productive grape varieties for specific agro-climatic zones, determine the purity of plants and the diagnose the phytopathogens in the planting material and existing plantations. One of the most effective methods for solving problems of nursery management is molecular genetic, which are widely used for DNA certification, determining the origin of grapes and for identifying pathogens in the planting material. DNA profiling allows us to screen out mutant forms at an early stage or select them for further research. Diagnostics of pathogens in the uterine plantations and planting material includes the identification of pathogenic organisms and early detection of asymptomatic diseases (viruses, phytoplasmic infections, tracheomycosis, bacterial cancer). Methods of control of planting material, which are widely used in nursery management, include the enzyme immunoanalisis, placement the indicator plants into the uterine plantations, PCR method and deep sequencing. The use of these methods in the nursery allows to correctly identify the varietal identity of the material on the early stages, to identify the presence of pathogens harmful, and make timely set of protective measures that later will ensure the effective development and high quality of the uterine plants.
For more accurate assessment of the hybridization prospects of native varieties, it is expedient to evaluate its effectiveness. For practical work following evaluation parameters are used: setting ability of seeds during self-pollination and cross pollination; effectiveness of pollination; biological effectiveness of hybridization; breeding effectiveness. The study included: as female forms 10 native varieties of Crimea with a functional female type of flower; as male forms the pollen of 25 complex interspecific hybrids, 7 varieties of the West European ecological-geographical group and 9 autochthonous varieties of the Don. Analysis of the results in the context of years showed that the most successful according to the parameters of crossbreeding were 2012 and 2016, and the least favorable were 2015 and 2018. Considering the parameters of seed germination with the participation of various native varieties, high data variability is noted. In the crosscombinations with the participation of Aibatly and Khersonesskii varieties, the average number of seedlings per one cross-combination has a very low level 7.2-16.2 pcs. Moreover, the seedlings obtained from fully formed seeds amount a very high percentage more than 60. The female form Tashly stands out, as it provides in hybridization the maximum number of seedlings per 1 combination of crossing, more than 100 pcs. The average percentage of seedlings obtained from full seeds is very low 30.7, and the maximum level is 48 %. A group of varieties including Kefesiya, Kok Pandas and Tashly, was selected and demonstrates high hybridization efficiency in intraspecific crossing and in crossing with complex interspecific hybrids. Varieties Sary Pandas and Misgiuli Kara are distinguished by low setting ability of seeds, however, the biological effectiveness of hybridization remains at the level of group 1. We can confirm that female parent varieties Sary Pandas and Misgiuli Kara are specific in issues of crossing ability and viability of hybrid seeds.