Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Grapes berry moth is the dangerous grapes vermin feeding on the buds, flowers, young ovaries, green and ripe berries that leads to essential losses of a harvest of grapes orchards. In the article it is noted that last years in the conditions of Low Pre Don the injuriousness of a grapes berry moth has grown significantly to economically significant threshold that it is possibly o explain with increase in average annual air temperature in the region up to +11 C (usual annual temperature of +9,4 C). This problem demands of the search of effective fight measures against a vermin. The objects of our research are the perennial grapes plants of different varieties. For the control of number of grapes berry moth population in the grapes orchards we used the alarm pheromone traps in the experiments and we also carried out the accounting and the subsequent protective measures in compliance with the methodical recommendations. According to the date of carried out research it is established that the increase in average annual air temperature in the region to +11 C promoted the increase in injuriousness of a grapes berry moth in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties. The spreading of a grapes berry moth during the plants vegetation period was uneven. It is shown that the second vermin's generation was the most harmful taking into consideration the quantity of the caught butterflies (20 individuals in a trap per day) and the number of damaged grapes bunches. In 2015 in the grapes orchards of the studied varieties the insecticide Insegar has been twice applied; in 2016 we consistently alternated a biological preparation of Lepidotsid and an insecticide of Pirineks Super. It is established that effective protective actions with use of these preparations, and also the elimination of the spreading center of a grapes berry moth promoted in 2016 to essential decrease in its number.
Krasnodar Region is one of the main regions of the Russian Federation on production of fruits and berries. Defeat of fruit crops by fungal diseases belongs to the factors limiting the orchards yield capacity and of production standard. The activator of mildew Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm. is in the group of the dominating pathogens capable to cause essential losses of apple harvest. The spreading and inju-riousness of mildew are defined by the variety's susceptibility degree, weather conditions of plants vegetation, especially during the periods of the greatest susceptibility of an apple-tree to a disease, and also by a complex of the protective measures carried out in the fruit orchards. Due to the increase in frequency of stressful weather situations in the Southern region of Russia the urgent direction of research is definition of protection features of apple-tree orchards against mildew under the changing weather conditions. The changes in the bio-ecological features of powdery mildew pathogen of apple trees in the Krasnodar Region connected with a climate changes are identified by research of 2011-2015. The tendency of increase in the intensity of infection and the tendency of increase in the pathogen populations quantity at less responsive and resistant apple varieties are marked. It is shown that with increasing in number of stressful weather conditions the using of the resistant varieties to powdery mildew is not the main economically significant way to control the disease. It is proved that the creation of the apples protection against powdery mildew should take into account the damage of trees by environment stress-factors. To prevent the explosive epiphytoties it is necessary to carry out the whole complex of the protective measures not only in the highly responsive varieties, but also in all groups of resistance varieties to disease.
Greening of plant's protection system is possible only with transition to the methods alternative to chemical methods. The refusal from insecticides and the use of other methods of decrease in number of population of harmful insects is the most real way of decrease in a pesticides capacity in the intensive gardening. This article shows the results of experiments to determine the efficiency of the method of disorientation with the help of "Shin Etsu" in comparison with the traditional system of apple-tree's protection with insecticides. The experience was carried out in the foothill area of North Ossetia-Alania Republic in the HPC "De-Gusto" with scab immune apple cultivar of liberty. In the process of research it has been estimated that during the harvesting period the efficiency of both variants of experience was 100%: neither in the crown of the trees nor in the fallen fruits the damaged fruits by Codling moth was not detected. A big part of fruits of second grade in the harvest was caused by heavy shedding of fruits in connection with weather heat and yield overload. The average yield in case of use of "Shin Etsu" amounted to 17.3 kg/tree of first grade fruits and 3.2 kg/tree second grade fruits; in the option of insecticides use respectively, 17.7 kg/tree. The obtained results indicate that "Shin Etsu" is an alternative equivalent to insecticides applied against Codling moth, that carrying the main toxic load in the integrated system of plants protection. If in the garden agrocenosis there are not aphids, mites and other species of protogoras and scoop, in this case it is possible to cultivate any varieties without insecticides. When these types of harmful entomofauna are presented one or two specific treatments may be required against them. However, even in this case the environmentally friendly insecticidal protection of fruits orchards significantly increase.
The purpose of this work is scientific confirmation of technogenic influence of pesticides as one of the main environmental problems of industrial wine growing. The analysis of long-term technogenic impact of pesticides on agrogrounds of industrial vineyards is carried out. The ability of pesticides to bio accumulation in the soil and their migration in "soil-plant-grapes" ecosystem is established. It is shown that the pollution monitoring of toxic elements in the "soil production" system is necessary for improvement of an ecological condition of grapes plantings. It is noted that the analysis of the obtained information will allow to develop the agrotechnical manipulations on decrease in technogenic impact of toxic chemicals on an ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The research were carried out in the vine growing zones of the South of Kuban (The Temryuk district) on industrial orchards of specialized farms. Objects of our research is the grapes varieties of table and technical direction. The toxic remains were defined in the soil and in the ripened grapes. The modern method of monitoring of vineyards developed and patented in the toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V was used in the research. The residual amounts of pesticides in the soil and grapes were determined by using of well-known techniques. According to the inspection on soil impurity by pesticides during 2006-2014 we have established the ecologically dangerous plots. There are vineyards with excess of maximum allowable concentration of the defined pesticides groups: on one plot are 20 hectares (3, 8%), and on two other plots 180 hectares (34, 3%), and on three plots 95 hectares (18 %). It is defined the coefficients of a translocation (Ktr) of pesticides from the soil in the grapes and the dependence of these coefficients from the level of the soil pollution by the toxic remains: the low extent of pollution up to 0,35; average extent up to 0,45; the high level of impurity up to 0,57. On the basis of the obtained data the method of ecological and toxicological monitoring of grapes orchards was developed and patented.
The method of clonal plants micro reproduction in vitro is one of basic elements of technology of production of the crop's revitalized planding material. It is known that for each new variety it is required the carrying out all of elements of improvement technique: the selection of optimal ratios of elements of nutrient mediums (micro and macro elements, vitamins, growth substances, etc.), the determination of optimal terms of in vitro introduction, the search of safe and effective sterilizers. In the horticulture of the South of Russia there is an annual assortment replenishment of new fruit varieties, so it is required the modification of technique for cultivation of these varieties. The purpose of our research is selection of the effective sterilizing agent for introduction in vitro of plum varieties. The objects of research are the preparations used for the surface disinfection of the explants in the process of introduction in vitro. The carried out research have shown that the greatest exit of viable explants is noted when processing by mercury iodide an average 82 %. Death of explants from an infection in this option is 8 % (the lowest among the studied options), a necrosis of explants an average 10 %, it is also the one of the lowest indexes in an experiment. The highest level of an infection is determined in a control option, when washing of plum explants by the distilled water an average 72 %. In the option of processing by the distilled water (control) the necrosis of apexes is an average 10 % that testifies of weak phytotoxic infection of this way of explants preparing in the process of plum reproduction.