Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
As a result of long-term observations on the Anapa ampelographic collection, a comparatively large group of white tech-nical varieties of grapes was singled out for indicators of productivity, resistance to diseases and pests, and the quality of the wine products obtained. Periodically recurring abrupt changes in abiotic factors made it possible to more strictly assess the possibilities of varieties of grapes of various origins and assess their frost resistance, drought re-sistance and productivity under abiotic stress conditions. The grape varieties were studied in a grafted open culture, on the rootstock of Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB. Formation spiral cordon ZS-1. The planting scheme is 3.5 x 2.0 m. The cultivation technology is generally accepted for the Southern zone of industrial viticulture in the Russian Federation. The indicators of the bush load, fruitfulness, growth vigor and the degree of ripening of annual shoots are determined according to well known methods and methodological recommendations. In the period from 2001 to 2010, Arabaklo, Bakator white, Golden Autumn and Pollux were identified as promising for introduction into production and use in breeding as sources of a number of economically valuable traits. The article describes the descriptions and characteristics of these grape varieties in comparison with the standard the classic French Aligotte, obtained as a result of observations on the Anapa am-phelographic collection in the period from 2007 to 2017. Technical varieties of Araboublo, Bakator white, Golden Autumn and Pollux should be recommended for industrial use, which will expand the boundaries of sustainable grape production in the region. Varieties of Araboublo, Bakator white and Golden Autumn, as representatives of the species Vitis vinifera, can be used in breeding as sources of frost and drought resistance for the production of high-quality complex-resistant varieties of grapes.
Planting stock of fruit sapling requires the improvement of the fruit assortment, taking into account the changes in climatic factors of cultivate area. The rootstocks resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors adapted the most to local soil and climatic conditions are necessary. Therefore, this work dedicated to the selection of rootstock adaptive forms for plum-tree relevant to modern gardening. The change in the weather conditions in the Krasnodar Territory over the past 68 years is analyzed in this paper. A trend towards an increase in average daily air temperature was found. Two periods of warming over a long-term period are shown, one in the spring, and other in the summer months. The research carried out in the Ust-Labinsk area with frequent adverse manifestations of weather stressors, promote the forestall breeding on a number of stability indicators. The proposed materials of the article contributes to the development of resource-saving technologies involving the use of adaptive plants and environmental methods for their cultivation and reproduction. As a result of study, the adaptive plum rootstocks have been identified, which have a high percentage of rooting when growing without irrigation on a bogar, with the selection of domestic preparations that give the greatest effect of increasing in rooting rate and yield of high-quality planting stock. It was found that the most suitable for rooting under the conditions of lack of moisture and high summer temperatures are the rootstocks: BS 2, PK SK-1 and the rootstock forms of PKSK-2, 921, PKG18 / 13, PKSK-2, 921 (2), 934, 918 13, 6p34. The significant influence of the rootstock genotypes the ability to rooting by lignified cuttings under the influence of various preparations was noted. Under these conditions the greatest effect was observed when the rootstocks forms of 934 and SC SC-2 were reproducted with using of Fitactiv Extra Kornevin B and Fitactiv Extra Kornevin A preparations.
The materials of long-term work on the study of the effect of drugs on the induction of growth-correcting effects for rootstock cuttings are presented. The research was carried out in Anapa-Taman area on the rootstock uterine plantation and the new plantation of AF Uyzhnaya of the Temryuk District of the Krasnodar Region, in the Center of Collective Use of FSCHVW (Krasnodar) and in the laboratory of nursery and quality control of Anapa ZESV&W. The task of the research is to find out the effect of plant nutrients in foliar top dressing the growth and development of cuttings as well as the dynamics of the processes of growth and development of grape saplings. The object of the study were the uterine rootstock plantings of the Kober 5BB variety, as well as grafted cuttings and saplings of the technical Aligote variety grafted on the Kober 5BB rootstock. As preparations were used: complex organic-mineral fertilizer and forth preparation with Zn, B, Fe, Cu apart. According to the set of regenerative activity indicators, the most effective drug for inducing the growth-correcting effects is the variant of Boron, under the influence of which the objects of the study have the greatest indicators of shoots and roots development. This variant is better taking account the indexes of survival and getting of seedlings from the uterine grape plantations. Using the method of microfocus radiography, it was possible to establish that, on average, 90 % of seedlings have adhesions of grafted components without anomalies in all variants of experiment, which indicates the high quality of the obtained grafted saplings. The effective impact of bioeffective drugs the callus formation, the development of grafted cuttings in the first plantations, and the yield of grafted grape saplings is confirmed.
The grapes is a relatively drought-resistant plant, but in the very dry years it gives low yields of low sugar content and high content of acids in the berries juice, the vine is ripening poorly, the plants are mostly damaged by frost. Obtaining the high and stable yields of high quality, the increasing in the life of the vineyards is impossible without the use of irrigation. Against the background of global warming and a shortage of fresh water, there is a need for research in optimizing the water regime of orchards. Therefore, the study of the effect the irrigation on grape plants, the development of rational methods for irrigating vineyards, and regulating their water regime to obtain the high and high-quality yields is an urgent task. The purpose of these studies was to substantiate the use of drip irrigation in the vineyards of the Crimea. The study was carried out for more than 30 years on the experimental base of the Institute Magarach under the conditions of vegetative and lysimetric experiments and in the industrial vineyards of the Crimea. The vegetative, lysimetric, agrobiological, analytical and statistical research methods were used. The impact of weather and irrigation regimes and methods on grape plant condition and vine harvest parameters in conditions of Crimea was analyzed. Data analysis on annual precipitation showed that almost every second year is arid on the South coast of Crimea. Temperature data analysis showed an increase in the average monthly air temperatures as compared to multi-year average. Study demonstrated that drip irrigation helps to increase in productivity of grapes by 1,5-3 times and to improve the harvest quality. Drip irrigation helps to save from 20 to 80 % of water as compared to other irrigation methods.