Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article summarizes the main results of fundamental research by scientists of the FSBI VNNIIViV Magarach RAS in the field of viticulture in 2021, conducted in accordance with the Re-search Plan for 2021-2023, which forms the basis of the State task, and the Pro-gram of fundamental scientific research in the Russian Federation for the long term (2021-2030). The results are the stage of development of scientific, methodological and methodic foundations for ensuring the innovative development of authentic viticulture, improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products. A trend has been established for a constant, progressive de-crease in the viability of grape plants, a decrease in the productivity of the vine, an increase in the intensity of its damage by various diseases, premature or sudden death under the influence of stressors of various nature. To increase the stress resistance of grape plants, the priorities are: selection and creation of resistant varieties and rootstocks by classical breeding methods; regulation of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of stress resistance; development of elements of technology for growing grapes, reducing the negative impact of stressors; formation of adaptive pest control systems. The stud-ies were carried out on the basis of the cen-ter for collective use Ampelographic collection Magarach, as well as in the production plantations of the leading wine-growing enterprises of the Crimea using generally accepted and original methods for studying the gene pool of grapes. As a result, digital information databases of the complex of morphobiological characteristics of local grape varieties of the Crimea of the Ampelographic collection Magarach, a complex of economic characteristics of local grape varieties of Crimea, sources of valuable biological and economic characteristics, genetic resources of institute Magarach grapes and molecular genetic passports of indigenous grape varieties of Crimea were created; the standard of the organiza-tion was prepared Grapes, fruit, nut-bearing, berry, ornamental crops, water and soil. Determination of bacterial phytopathogens based on polymerase chain reaction; methodology for the development of globular, heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryoids for the induction of pol-yploidy and somatic embryogenesis in grapes; digital cartographic model of agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticulture and wine industry of the Republic of Cri-mea; methodological recommendations on agricultural technology for growing new clones of technical and table grape varieties in the Crimea; a list of economically justified agrotechnical measures for updating standard technological maps for the cultivation of vine plantations; initial requirements for a machine for cutting (chasing) grape shoots, loosening (cultivating) the soil; on a tunnel-type sprayer; methodological recommendations on phytosanitary monitoring and control of development of new pests in ampelocenoses of the Crimea.
The results of research activities for 2021 of the FSBI VNNIIViV Magarach RAS on winemaking, implemented in ac-cordance with the Program of Fundamental Scientific research in the Russian Federa-tion for the long-term period (2021-2030), are presented. A modification of the meth-od for determining the SO2-binding capaci-ty of dry white wines is proposed. The cultures of S. cerevisiae and the Pied de cuve technique were determined, which contribute to the formation of the lowest SO2-binding potential of wine materials. Promising red grape varieties for the production of red sparkling wines have been identified: Ai-Petri, Antey Magarachsky, Ruby Magarachsky, Holiday Magarachsky, Bastardo Magarachsky, Syrah, Morastel, Kefesia, Malbec and others. Natural strains of lactic acid bacteria (ICD) were screened for resistance to technologically significant stress factors: pH, temperature, alcohol and their impact on the quality of wine products. A positive effect on the matura-tion processes and quality of cognac distil-lates has been established by a decrease in the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol and the content of higher alcohols. 13 LAB strains were selected according to their ability to actively ferment malic acid at pH 3.2, and their resistance to pH, temperature and alcohol was assessed. The possibility of production in the Crimea of extracts and concentrates from grape pomace and vines, saturated with polyphenols, including stilbenes, is shown. The elements of the system for diagnosing the crystal stability of wines are substantiated. Groups of promising native varieties for the production of wines, sparkling wines, cognacs and grape polyphenol extracts have been identified. The conducted scientific and research developments will contribute to the development of the production of high-quality domestic wine products, including winemaking with ecological and geographical status, the production of functional grape processing products, which entails an increase in the quality and competitiveness of domestic wine products, import substitution and ensuring food independence of the country.
The article summarizes the results of scientific research conducted by the ARRIV&W branch of FSBSI FRASC in 2021. The research was aimed at preserving and studying the genetic fund of grape plants, creating new varieties with high biological potential, managing the production process, developing technologies for the production of improved planting material, new systems for growing grapes, monitoring and protecting vine plantations from harmful organisms, studying the influence of various factors on growth, plant development and product quality. As a result of the research, new knowledge in the field of viticulture and winemaking was obtained, the mobilization and replenishment of the ampelographic collection with varieties of various ecological and geographical origins continued, valuable genotypes were identified for their use in practical breeding and introduction into production of autochthonous Don varieties. Breeding material was obtained: 3 donors, 32 sources of economically valuable traits; 14 seedlings, 14 promising forms of grapes were selected for the elite. 1 white technical grade was transferred to the State selection test, 1 patent was received. 2 grape varieties are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. Biotechnological techniques for managing morphogenesis at the stages of obtaining a healthy planting material for grapes in vitro culture have been developed. The ways of maintaining non-covering, semi-covering and covering vineyards have been improved, ensuring an increase in yield capacity, economic efficiency and a decrease in the labor intensity of the crop in the conditions of the south of Russia. The ecological, agrobiological, technological parameters of grapes and wine, which affect the quality of grape and wine products, are determined. A comparative study of the ecological parameters of zones and terroirs in the Rostov region was carried out. 3 zones and 7 terroirs identified.
In 2011-2021 as a result of the assessment of the gene pool of fruit, small fruit crops, nut-fruited crops and grapes were identified 286 sources of economically valuable traits (resistance to the main fun-gal diseases of fruit, small fruit crops and nut crops, high decorativeness of fruit crops and grapes, self-fertility of cherries and sweet cherries, weak growth of rootstocks, suitability for mechanized harvesting, as well as winter hardiness, large-fruits, productivity of small fruit crops, remontant of strawberries, weak shedding of fruits and dessert taste of honeysuckle, high regenerative capacity after pruning sea buckthorn), including 155 fruit crops (apple trees 81 pcs., pears 11, domestic plums 15, cherry plums 13, apricots 6, cherries 17, sweet cherries 7, sweet cherry rootstocks 5 pcs. .) and 122 samples of small fruit crops (strawberry 19 pcs., black currant 19; red currant 4; gooseberry 35; raspberry 19; blue honeysuckle 11; sea buckthorn 15 pcs.), as well as 7 pcs. of walnut and 2 of grapes. Selected samples of fruit, small fruit crops, nut-fruited crops and grapes are described according to the classifier with a variant of the unified passport descriptors of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources (FAO / ECPGR) for maintaining a passport database and placing information in the international European catalogue of gene pool samples EURISCO. The obtained passports can be used for further research work, as well as identification of samples in subjects of various forms of ownership, scientific and educational institutions.
Control of varietal purity of planting material is a significant factor affecting the productivity of horticultural farms. SCoT markers (Start Codon Targeted) can be attributed to modern methods for monitoring the varietal purity of seedlings of fruit crops, which have the prospect of being introduced into wide practice. In this connection, based on the prospects of using SCoT markers in the identification of plant material, work was carried out to select effective combinations of SCoT markers. An approach based on the creation of markers from two SCoT primers was used to increase the number of possible marking options. The aim of this work was to select combinations of SCoT mark-ers that are promising for apple DNA fingerprinting, which in the future will allow the best combinations to be used in the identification of planting material. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of combinations of SCoT-markers to identify representatives of the genus Malus. The 18 SCoT markers were grouped into 68 combinations based on the preliminary assessment. The selection of effective combinations of markers was carried out according to a number of necessary criteria, such as the high quality of DNA finger-prints and a significant number of polymor-phic amplified DNA fragments. These characteristics are especially significant in the genetic assessment of closely related genotypes. The requirements for the quality of DNA fingerprints increase significantly, due to the large number of identical DNA fragments. About 45 % of the combinations were successful and were selected for fur-ther work as promising. The approbation carried out in the work made it possible to identify promising markers among 68 used ones. Selected DNA markers can be useful in a variety of areas, including the genetic identification of accessions, the analysis of the genetic homogeneity of plants obtained through micropropagation, as well as for performing research on the study of the genetic relationships of accessions.