Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The work is continued on the conservation, replenishment and study of the genetic collection of the apple-tree, which currently numbers 436 varieties. Based on the results of many years of research, the origins of apple-tree resistance to spring frosts have been identified the varieties of Erley Mac, Feya and elite form of 44-27-53rd. The apple varieties of the selection of the NCFSCHVW breeding have been identified Feya, Soyuz, Orpheus, Margo, Sirius, Nocturne, Vasilisa, Carmen, Zolotoe Letnee, 44-27-53rd, 12 / 3-20-10, etc.; of foreign selection Florina, Dayton, Earley Mac, Gala, Gala Shniga, which have a longer blossoming period as a protective and adaptive response to low-temperature stress in the spring period. It was revealed that an insignificant (up to 5 %) or low (up to 15-20 %) percentage of damage to generative organs by spring frosts was noted in many varieties and forms Ketney, Spartak, Trans Lucens, Florking, Imperial Pavla, Nikita, X1-48-49, 12 / 2-21-43, etc., having a complex interspecific origin. According to the data of long-term research (2014-2020), the most productive varieties were identified: Honey Crisp (141.9 t / ha); Pyros (116.17 t / ha) and elite forms: 29-5-49 (171.9 t / ha), 29-4-110 (125.1 t / ha). Two high-quality, scab-resistant elite apple forms have been identified: Sirius (late summer ripening variety with spectacular, bright raspberry round-conical fruits of dessert taste (4.8 points), yield up to 30 t / ha) and 12 / 3-20-10 (restrained growth, with bright fruits of summer ripening, regular fruiting, yield up to 33 t / ha). These forms are promising for use in various breeding programs.
In recent years, foreign varieties of stone fruit crops have been actively introduced in Russia. New varieties are widely used for laying of intensive plantations. The introduction of new varieties of stone fruit crops presupposes their comprehensive assessment in order to identify the most adaptive and productive varieties under the new soil and climatic conditions. New varieties generation also need to be studied to identify their genetic potential and to isolate the donors and origins of breeding valuable traits. The purpose of the research was to comprehensive assess the introduced varieties of domestic plum of various ecological and geographical origin, to identify the varieties-sources of valuable traits for breeding use and expansion of the group of promising varieties. The article presents the results of evaluation of 6 new introduced varieties of domestic plum, Chinese plum and cherry plum Big Stanley, Blue Moon, August Delight, Dark Sunlight, Crimson Glo, Angelino of various ecological and geographical origin. In the course of the research, new knowledge was obtained on the implementation of their biological potential, the features of the manifestation of signs early maturity, resistance to major diseases, yield, marketability and taste of fruits under the conditions of the Southern Region of Russia. The varieties-sources of breedingsignificant traits, the use of which in breeding will allow to expand the genetic diversity of the culture and obtain new breeding material, have been preliminary selected. It has been established that the varieties of Dark Sunlight and Crimson Glo are early-growing and begin to bear fruit for 3 years after planting in the garden, they resistant to temperature stress factors and have a restrained tree growth force within 2.5 m, high yield exceeding 25 t / ha and high taste at the level of 4.7 points. The selected varieties of plum domestic can be used in various breeding programs, as well as for cultivation in the South of Russia.
Global climate change, accompanied by an increase in the harmfulness of the causative agent of coccomycosis (Blumeriella jaapii) and the expansion of its area, provides an advantage when cultivating highly productive, ecologically plasticity varieties under the soil and climatic conditions of the Ural Region. Under these conditions the improving the ecological sustainability of horticulture in the Chelyabinsk Region requires the use of adaptive varieties of fruit and berry crops. However, not all varieties of stone fruit crops are characterized by a complex of economically valuable traits and have ecological plasticity. The purpose of this research is to assess the adaptive potential of zoned and promising varieties of steppe cherry in the conditions of the Chelyabinsk Region. To assess the adaptive potential of different cherry varieties, we used the classical methods to determine the ecological plasticity of fruit crop varieties presented by I. A. Dragavtseva and V.A. Zykin. As a result of the research carried out the adaptive varieties of steppe cherry, adapted for cultivation in the conditions of the Southern Ural, were identified: Izobilnaya (4.39 t/ha; CA = 1.54), Schedraya (4.42 t/ha; 1.37), Galimovka (3.83 t/ha; 1.36), Mayak (4.04; 1.30), Ashinskaya (3.42; 1.28) and Mechta Zauralia (3.29 t/ha; 1.07). Of greatest interest are the varieties of the intensive type, selected by the breeders of the Sverdlovsk selection station of gardening: Mayak (bi = 1.47) Mechta Zauralia (1.85) and Schedraya (1.99). The Chelyabinsk variety of Galimovka (bi = 0.77; Si 2 = 0.5) and the Sverdlovsk variety of Vita (1.10; 2.2), combining ecological plasticity and stability, have a high breeding value. The standard cherry variety of Ashinskaya belongs to the neutral type varieties (bi = 0.32; Si 2 = 0.1). The weak reaction of this variety to changing growing conditions allowed it to form a high yield of fruits (3.42 t/ha).
Persian walnuts are high in calories and rich in nutritional composition. Daily use of nuts in enough quantity can make a significant contribution to the diet. Under the laboratorian conditions, on the basis of NCFSCHVW, the examination of walnut fruits in full maturity was carried our. Purpose of the work: on the basis of technical and biochemical analysis of the fruits of promising walnut forms at the stage of full maturity, to identify the genotypes with high fruits quality for further selection and industrial production. The quality of fruits and biochemical composition of the kernel of 19 promising walnut forms of 17-3-12, 17-3-41, 17-3-10, 17-2-35, 17-3-16, 17-2-41, 17 -3-27, 17-3-34,17-3-44, 17-3-24, 17-3-9, 17-2-30, 17-3-29, 17-3-19, 17-3 -22, 17-2-26, 17-3-48, 17-3-30, 17-2-44 was studied, they were growing in the central part of the Kuban fruit zone of the Krasnodar territory, on the basis of the EPH "Tsentralnoye" of Krasnodar, planting year 2014, placement scheme 5x4 m. The results of the study carried out showed that all the studied forms of walnut are thin-crust, the thickness of the shell ranges is from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. The percentage of the kernel ranged is from 45.1 to 73.4%. The fat content in the studied hybrid forms of walnuts is in the range from 51.9 to 72.1%. The amount of total phenols ranged from 0.67 to 6.37 g / kg. The amount of carbohydrates varied from 12.55 to 42.87 g / kg. Dry water-soluble substances content is from 17 to 46.9 g / kg. The insoluble residue is from 24.5 to 43.7%.
Methodical aspects for the selection of strawberry genotypes with high anthocyanins content have been developed. They are based on a generalize of long-term studies of the anthocyanins accumulation in the fruits of a large number of varieties, elite and selected forms and hybrid material, carried out both in the field and in the laboratory. An improved color scale is presented, consisting of 15 color photographs of samples that more fully reflect the entire spectrum of fruit color changes from light to dark shades associated with less or greater accumulation of anthocyanins. The developed estimation scale makes it possible to carry out a field rapid estimation of the anthocyanins content in the strawberry fruits of both the numerous genetic collections and the hybrid fund. The reliability of this method is confirmed by a high correlation (r = +0.82) between the fruit anthocyanins content determined in the field using the color scale carried out for 457 strawberry forms and then that determination by the differential spectrophotometry. A gradation of the analyzed genotypes depending on the anthocyanins content is including 5 groups from very low (30.0 mg/100g and below) to very high (90.1 mg/100g and more). As a result of the research, promising strawberry varieties and forms (Rubinovyy Kulon, Privlekatel'naya, Feyyerverk, 3/3-16 (Feyyerverk × Maryshka), 3/6-72 (Rubinovyy Kulon × Maryshka), 3/2-3 (Feyyerverk × L'vovskaya Rannyaya)) the sources of high anthocyanins content suitable for fresh consumption, processing and freezing, and further breeding on the improved chemical composition of fruits were identified.