Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Osmia is an effective and prospective pollinator of Rosaceae family plants. This insect has a range of advantages, due to which it can be successfully bred on the industrial level. For the period of our multi-year research the certain experience of the breeding of Osmia has been accumulated. The main conditions of successful reproduction are the selection of the material and the size of the nesting channel. The paper presents the results of assessing the prospects for industrial breeding of a solitary bee Osmia rufa. Studies have shown that this species prefer to inhabit cane nesting channels (55 % of the population) with a diameter from 6 to 9 millimeters. The percentage of populating the channels of 6, 7, 8, 9 millimeters was 19.4%, 23.8 %, 18.2 % and 13.8 % respectively of all populated channels. According to the length of the channel, channels with a length of 100 to 200 mm were preferable, in which 64.8 % of all inhabited lengths were populated. The largest number of channels contained 3, 4, 5 cells 14.6 %, 16.4 % and 14.4 % respectively. The studies of the content of the cells showed that 2671 cells with average length of 11,8 0,94 millimeters have been built in 494 channels. 1960 cells contained whole cocoons (73.4 %), which is the absolute majority of all built cells. Parasites (flies Cacoxenus indagator, mites Chaetodactylus smi, skin beetles Trichodes apiaries) were contained in 206 cells and their total harmfulness was 7.7 %, dead Osmial larvae and damaged cocoons was noted in 262 cells (9.8 % of all cells built).
The development of the draft regulatory documentation on the process of the quality management system (QMS) Management of measuring and testing equipment for the wine-making enterprise is presented. The purpose of the developed manual is to ensure the control and analysis of indicators of the quality of wine products throughout the technological and production cycle, which determine the achievement of the necessary high level of product quality, through the formation of uninterrupted operation of measuring and testing equipment. The process of creating the manual was based on the identification of critical points in the existing scheme of technochemical control of the production of white and red table wines; the development of the algorithm of the process Control of measuring and testing equipment"; the description of the management procedure of the control, measuring and testing equipment of OOO SIE Mikrovinodelie. The critical points of the quality management process of the produced wine are determined these are physico-chemical and microbiological indicators that should be monitored throughout the technological scheme. In order to determine the required measuring and testing equipment of the winemaking production, which allows objectively monitoring the quality of products throughout the technological process, an analysis of the existing regulatory documentation at the enterprise was carried out, on the basis of which information on control methods and devices for monitoring and measuring controlled indicators was systematized. The main elements of the process Control of measuring and testing equipment are defined, including handling operations; packaging; storage; delivery of products. The contextual diagram, the algorithm of the process, the matrix of responsibility distribution, input and output requirements for the process with references to the previously developed normative documentation regulating their implementation are proposed; the procedures for management of control, measuring and testing equipment at the winery are described.
In the paper the process of decomposition of data on the dynamics of the pest population flight in the form of a frequency binomial distribution and its primary statistical assessment is presented on an example of pheromone monitoring data of a European grape moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) in the ampelocenoses of the Taman Peninsula. The observed and statistical indicators of the frequency distribution of the flight of this pest of three economically significant generations are presented. The following are presented: the beginning, the length of flight, the central trend of flught and the expected period of the central trend, and also, with significant limitations, the period of the mass flight of the pest is indicated, calculated as the standard deviation of the flight of all individuals in the period. Also, such indicators as kurtosis, asymmetry and others were calculated and presented, which allow to better understand the nature of the flight of the pest. According to the calculated data, following conclusions are drawn: the actually observed flight of the European grape moth is more uniform in comparison with the theoretical abstraction. At the same time, the first flight is more stretched and unstable than the subsequent mating periods, as indicated by the influence of abiotic environmental factors. Also, according to four generations, the period of full development of one generation of the European grape moth in field conditions has been established. The main probabilistic indicators and differences between the generations are presented. These data can help in understanding the age dynamics of the population of the European grape moth and its probabilistic nature to improve the forecast of pest development and the timing of protective measures. In the paper is also mentioned the falseness of terminology in the designation of flight periods, adopted both in the educational and scientific literature on the European grape moth, and among farmers.
Varietal characteristics and soil-ecological conditions, i.e. the place of growth, have the greatest influence on the quality indicators of grapes. For their widespread introduction into industrial viticulture, not only an agrobiological assessment is necessary, but also a technological one. In this regard, the purpose of the research was comprehensive study of wine materials from the distinguished grape varieties of the Anapa ampelographic collection. The conducted researches have revealed a number of promising red technical grape varieties with useful host-biological and technological features that are resistant to environmental factors. It has been established that AZESV&W breeding varieties (Merlot AZOS, Kubanets, Lazurnyi, Saturn, Krasnostop AZOS, Krasnostop anapskiy, Dostoynyi) accumulate in their composition a sufficient amount of sugars for the preparation of both table and liqueur wines. A large number of phenolic substances have been identified in their composition, which provide a stable color of wine during storage, and also have a high biological value due to the high accumulation of trans-resveratrol, vitamins and phenol-carboxylic acids. Wine materials from the studied grape varieties have excellent organoleptic properties, have a high tasting score and have been repeatedly awarded international and Russian wine competitions. Some of them suitable for being aged. Table red wines made from grape varieties of the AZESV&W breeding are not inferior to wine materials from the classic Cabernet Sauvignon variety in terms of the content of biologically active substances, organoleptic evaluation and are of high and stable quality. They are recommended for the production of high-quality tables, and in years favorable for sugar production and for the preparation of liqueur wines. Some wines made from varieties of AZESV&W breeding have been repeatedly awarded gold and silver medals at Russian and international tasting competitions.
The necessity of developing a mechanism for managing the sustainability of agroecosystems with the participation of grape agrocenoses is substantiated. Negative manifestations of chemical-technogenic intensification factors leading to bioresource deformation in ampelocenoses (violation of the rationality of nature management and sustainability of agroecosystems) and a decrease in the efficiency of production were revealed: increased resistance of pathogens to the chemical preparations used, which causes an increase in the frequency of treatments, an increase in the costs of purchased plant protection products, a decrease in yield; an increase in the anthropogenic load leads to an increase in the volume of mechanized work, a decrease in soil biogenicity; a decrease in the immune status of plants causes a decrease in the potential productivity of plantings. A mechanism for managing the ecological and economic sustainability of agroecosystems is proposed, which is based on a set of formalized principles and requirements reflecting the specifics of organized reproduction processes, and digital technologies based on long-term empirical databases and modern methods of biologization. The technological and economic efficiency of methods and methods of biologization of production and technological processes in industrial viticulture based on the use of living organisms, their systems, products of their vital activity in solving technological problems is calculated, allowing not only to restore the bioresource potential of agrocenosis achieved by chemical and technogenic methods of intensification, but also to form higher reproductive capabilities of agroecocenosis, having a significant reserve of plasticity potential, providing system-wide stability.