Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The reaction norm of grapes of introduced varieties convar pontica negr Rkatsiteli and Saperavi in terms of yield capacity parameters to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The stud-ies were carried out in the period from 1997 to 2011 in unstable conditions of a moder-ate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture subzone (BS1, Taman Peninsula) of the Krasnodar region on southern chernozems. By the years of research, the air temperature varied in a wide range: from 7.2 to 24.4 during budbreak, shoot and inflorescences growth; from 15.5 to 23.3 during flower-ing; from 19.2 to 28.7 during active growth of grape berries; from 16.6 to 25.6 during grape ripening; from 5.8 to 28.7 ºC during vegetation. In some years, the temperature went beyond the optimal values and reached a critical level. The absolute max-imum temperature during the period of active growth of grapes raised to +38 ºC. The studied varieties experienced stress three times during wintering with a de-crease in the minimum air temperature in 1997 and 2002 to 20 ºC, 2006 – -24 ºC. The reaction norm according to the yield capacity parameters of the Rkatsiteli grape variety is 77, Saperavi – 113 c/ha in unsta-ble weather conditions. The modification variability of the yield capacity of grapes of the Rkatsiteli and Saperavi varieties was most influenced by the air tempera-ture from the second decade of June to the end of August during the period of active growth of grape berries starting immedi-ately after flowering (r = -0.69, -0.22). The average and moderate dependence of yield capacity was also on the minimum temperature in June-October of the previ-ous year (r = -0.48, -0.51). This relation-ship is determined by favorable conditions for the initiation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences for the next year's yield. The relationship of yield capacity with the total precipitation was noted during the period of active growth of grape berries (June-August). The effect of precipitation on the yield capacity at other times was insignificant.
Currently, domestic grape varieties are gaining more and more popularity in the world. And rosé wines are increasing their market share every year. At the beginning of 2022, Roskachestvo awarded the first place in the rating of rosé table wines to the dry rosé «Krasnostop anapskiy 2020». The object of the research was wines from grape varieties Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS, grown in the Anapa ampelocollection. The classic grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon was used as a control. The article presents materials on the history of creation and agrobiological, technological and economic indicators of the grape variety of the Anapskaya ZESV&W breeding – Krasnostop Anapskiy. The amount of anthocyanins in wine materials from Krasnostop varieties of Anapa exceeds the data on these components in the control variant. The mass concentration of phenolic substances and their monomeric forms in the wine materials of the Krasnostop anapskiy grape varieties is higher than in the quality control of red wines – Cabernet Sauvignon, which indicates a high accumulation of phenolic substances in this grape variety. Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS on the organoleptic properties of wine materials received good results – 8.79 and 8.78 points. From 1968 to the present day, wines of various types and styles from Krasnostop anapskiy, produced by AZESV&W winemakers, have received more than 10 awards at various levels at the most prestigious international exhibitions and competitions. This grape variety has high potential and great prospects in light of the global trend of its use in winemaking.
The study of wild-growing vines allows to expand fundamental knowledge about the diversity of the grape gene pool, and wild vines are also studied in order to identify potential sources of resistance to stress factors of growing conditions. Powdery mildew resistance gene Ren1 is one of the few pathogen resistance genes identified in Vitis vinifera. Its presence has also been found in some vines of V. vinifera ssp. silvestris Gmel. The aim of this work was to study wild-growing vines found in the Krasnodar region with DNA markers of Ren1 powdery mildew resistance gene in order to search for potential donors of resistance. The study was conducted on 35 genotypes of wild growing vines, selected at several geographical points of the Krasnodar region along the coastline of the Black Sea and the Kuban River. Polymorphism of Ren1 locus was studied by PCR using cosegregated markers SC8-0071-014 and sc47-18, followed by assessment of the size of amplified fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis on a Nanofor 05 device and statistical processing in the GenAlEx 6.5 program. As a result, in the studied sample of genotypes, a rather high polymorphism was revealed for studied microsatellite loci (SC8-0071-014 – 18 types of alleles, sc47-18 – 8 alleles) – an average of 13 alleles per locus was determined. In the prevailing majority of genotypes, the heterozygous state was determined for the studied loci, which is reflected in the indicators of expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity: the observed values exceed the expected ones. The resistance alleles of Ren1 gene were not found in any of the studied samples of wild grapes.
Seedless grapes are in great demand in the world. On the basis of the mass of seed rudiments, varieties are divided into 4 classes – from almost complete absence to fairly large seed primordia. Large size grape berries of 1-2 class of seedlessness are especially attractive for the consumer. The aim of the work was to study the manifestation of the trait of seedlessness in a group of varieties belonging to seedless varieties of various origins and the class of seedlessness, growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. Research was carried out in 2019, 2020 and 2022 on 16 grape varieties – Attica, Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish rozovyi, Kishmish safed okruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Yangi Er, Bessemyannyi Magaracha, Vanessa, Kishmish Zaporozhskiy, Lotus, Mars, Pamyati Dombkovskoy, Pamyati Smirnova (Assol), Rusbol, belonging to the group of seedless varieties of various classes of seedlessness and different origin (V. vinifera and interspecific origin). Determination of the mass of rudiments in the berry was carried out after dehydration of a sample of seed rudiments from berries. The smallest mass of seed rudiments in a berry was determined in varieties Kishmish belyi oval'nyi and Kishmish kruglyi. For three years of research, varieties Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Mars were singled out as having consistently shown the first class during the years of study, t he Bessemyannyi Magarach variety had the second class of seedlessness, and Pamyati Smirnova (Assol) and Rusbol had the fourth. In the rest of the studied genotypes, the variation of the trait of seedlessness by classes during the years of study was determined. The highest average berry weight was determined in the varieties Attika (3,9 g), Pamyati Smirnova (3,3 g) and Kishmish Sogdiana (3,2 g).
The publication presents the results of a study aimed at assessment of introduced ultra – early-maturing forms of walnut according to such traits as fruit ripening time, plant habit, f ruit-bearing type, ratio of fruit setting from lateral and apical buds, number of fruits in nut cluster, fruit characteristics, including a number of biochemical parameters. Based on the results of the observation, it was concluded that there is a trait of restrained growth in all the studied samples. At the same time, the level of compactness of crown branching had insignificant differences. The degree of crown compactness in all samples, with the exception of sample 16-SI-6, is comparable to the Dachnyi variety. The indicated sample had a more compact crown close to spur. It was found that all the studied samples have a lateral type of fruit-bearing (from 50 to 8 0% of the fruits are formed on lateral shoots). It has been established that the formation of nut clusters with two or three fruits, which, along with lateral fruit-bearing, contributes to an increase in productivity potential. According to these features, all studied forms are sources of traits. Taking into account such characteristics as the yield of the kernel, color and its extractability, the following most promising samples can be determined: 16-SI-5, 16-SI-6, 16-SI-10, 16-T-1, 16-T-2. They are sources of a set of selection-valuable traits and can be used in breeding. Based on the data of biochemical analysis, a sample 16-SI-2was identified, which has an increased content of biologically active substances, as well as fats, which may be the basis for its use in breeding according to these traits. The forms 16-SI-6 and 16-T-1 can be further considered as candidates for the varieties most promising for use in the private sector.