Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
For regulation of productional processes of fruit crops through the optimization of the mineral soil mode there is urgent a choice of effective methods of diagnostics of plants nutrition on the basis of experiences with fertilizers which will allow you to give a complex assessment of quality of fruit-trees nutrition in certain phases of their growth and development. As a result there is an opportunity to influence quickly on realization of productional potential of fruit plants. The purpose of these research were the establishment of ranges of optimal values of the main parameters in the "soil - fruit - tree" system which will provide the optimization of process of fruit trees nutrition and the maximal manifestation of their potential. As a result of the research carried out by us it is established that the level of accumulation of the main nutrients in the soil and the intensity of their receipt in the plants of apple-tree and pear-tree depend on changes of NPK content due to application of fertilizers, and also on the hydrothermal mode of the soil. The optimal ranges of content and ratio of NPK in the soil and leaves of apple-tree and pear-tree for activation of their productional processes are specified. It is shown that for productivity formation in the fruit plantings of the studied crops not lower than 30 t/hectare, the necessary level of P2O5 content in the soil are 35÷46 mg/kg and the content of nitrogen and potassium in the leaves are 1,8÷2,2 % and 0,35÷0,60 % respectively, NPK ratio in the leaves is 4,6-5,7: 1: 1,1-2,3. The possibility of use of advanced methods of plants and soil diagnostics for development of scientifically reasonable rational systems for mineral fertilizers introduction in the orchards of the South of Ukraine is proved.
Now in the connection with a solution of the problem of import substitution the gardeners of the South of Russia have a task to increase in volumes of fruits production. However the solution of this task is restrained by frequent manifestation of weather stressors, including the intensity of a temperature factor. The purpose of research is to prove by phisiological and biochemical methods the prospects and terms of boric acid use for increase in productivity of stone fruit crops in the years, various on weather conditions, including the manifestation of low temperatures during the winter and spring period. Sweet cherry varieties of Frantsis and Kavkazskaya on sweet cherry seedlings and plum varieties of Stenly and Prikubanskaya on cherry plum seedlings are studied. It is revealed the positive influence of boron on economic efficiency of Frantsis sweet cherry: the autumn and spring processings of trees of boric acid have provided the increase in productivity by 14-17%. The similar data have been obtained also when processing of plum. Autumn processing of plum trees by boric acid causes the increase in RNA content for 5-7% in the top buds of one year shoots. It is shown that under the conditions of the Southern Region of the Russian Federation the processing of sweet cherry and plum trees by boric acid in autumn and spring terms exerts the positive impact on generative activity of plants. Increase in productivity is provided due to increase in quantity of flowers on a tree (at autumn processing) and efficiency of fertilization (at spring processing). The positive influence of boric acid (processing in the spring) on preservation of viable pollen when temperature stressor action (spring frosts) is established. The various reaction of varieties to processing is revealed.
Results of the ecological-toxicological monitoring of grape plantings at intensive technogenic loading which is carried out to the current of several years are presented. The accumulation by the soil of toxic elements and their partial migration established early in plants is confirmed. It leads to decrease in biological activity of the soil and and at the same time to increase in concentration toxic in food (trophic) chains. For improvement of the branch production allowing to improve an ecological condition of grape plantings it is necessary to have the information about the quantitative and qualitative level of pollution of plantings in an ecosystem of vineyards. Therefore the purpose of the real work was scientific justification of ecological-toxicological monitoring, as one of basic elements of the management of biogreening of an ecosystem ampelotseno-call based on ekologo-toxicological normalization and optimization of systems of protection against harmful objects. Definition of the toxic remains was carried out by the standard techniques with use of chromatographs, gas "Colour 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and nuclear absorbing spectrophotometer "Quantum - AFA". It is established that for the period 2010-2014gg at pesticidal load of agrogrounds of grape plantings 124 kg/ga the remains of the chemicals exceeding admissible norms were found in the soil to 10,0 PDK and in grapes to 4,0 MDU. In total it was found pesticides on active ingredient to 24 names, among them 10 connections of the toxic metabolites which are characterized not by smaller danger, than an initial preparation. By results of researches the method of ecological-toxicological monitoring of grapes plantings (patent No. 2380888) is developed and patented. The main estimated indicators of an after-effect of the pesticides applied in branch which are among "background" and "seasonal" pollutants of vineyards are established depending on agrotechnical methods of cultivation of grapes.
Bacterial cancer of grapes is the most dangerous and wide spread disease of grapes in a world. In the Krasnodar Region now the death of grapes plant-ings from this disease has increased in 2-2,5 times. The causative agent of a disease often extends in new areas with landing material without symptoms of disease; therefore the diagnosis of bacterial cancer is an important task of wine growing branch. This article is devoted to this question. For research we have taken the tumorous outgrowths of bacterial cancer found on grapes plants of various ecological-geographical origin (Italy, France, Serbia, Russia) on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. In total 22 grapes samples are analysed. DNA from tumors is defined using the modified CTAB method. For research of isolates of Agrobacterium we used two methods of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - classical PCR and PCR in real time (PCR-RV). By PCR-RV method with use the test-system to pehA gene the presence of DNA in all analyzed samples of the studied grapes varieties is detected. Selective amplification of six DNA samples by PCR classical method with the use of test-system to virF gene has revealed the target fragments in all studied grapes samples. In these samples of the tumorous gall outgrowths found on grapes plants in the territory of Krasnodar Region the agrobacterium of A. vitis type is revealed as the causative agent of bacterial cancer of grapes. Accoding to the results of the carried out research we came to a conclusion that the use of methods of molecular and genetic identification allows us to give a diagnosis quickly and precisely of the causative agent of bacterial cancer disease for grapes plants.
Detection of distinctions of soil fertility of garden cenoses is the main criterion defining the efficiency of the differentiated application of fertilizers. The elements of precision use systems of mineral fertilizers at drop irrigation in the fruit plantings taking into account the defference of soil fertility indicators are studied insufficiently. The purpose of research is to determine the consistent patterns of change of providing levels of an apple-tree with available elements of food in a zone of localization of mineral fertilizers at small-volume irrigation taking into account the difference of soil cover. The research are carried out under the conditions of unstable moistening of Krasnodar Region in the industrial plantings of apple-tree of the varieties of winter term maturing on M9 rootstock cultivated using the intensive technologies. As a result of a soil- agric-chemical research the considerable change of soil fertility parameters depending on a zone of selection of soil samples is established. In the places of local application of fertilizers the content of nitrate nitrogen increases in 19,3 mg/kg on average, ammoniac nitrogen - on 4,74 mg/kg and exchange potassium - on 92,5 mg/kg in a soil layer of 0-30 cm. The fertigation has exerted the considerable impact on variability of soil properties; the strengthening of micro variability of soil parameters of agric-physical and agric-chemical conditions of soils is noted. It is shown that introduction when fertigation even rather small doses of mineral fertilizers on elementary sites of the increased provide with nutrients does not lead to increase in maintenance of food elements in the soil. A conclusion is made that in the garden cenoses cultivated by intensive technologies it is necessary to develop a complex of agric-technical methods of application of the differentiated doses of the mineral fertilizers combining an intra soil introduction, a fertigation and not root top dressing of fruit plants.