Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
At present, the adaptive stability potential of some fruit varieties is insufficient for a response to climate changes in the North Caucasus Region of Russia. In this regard, the creation of varieties with increased environmental plasticity and high adaptive potential is relevant. Physiological and biochemical studies of apple varieties state after artificially induced low-temperature stress will allow to assess the studied apple varieties for resistance to critical frosts in mid-winter. A comparative assessment of the apple variety resistance to low temperature stress showed that there were quantitative changes content of malon dialdehyde content in the one-year shoots, as well as ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, chalcones, and peroxidase activity. It is established that in various apple varieties, peroxidase activity and antioxidant content in the tissue of shoots under conditions of low temperature stress varied with difference, detoxification of active oxygen forms (AOF) was achieved by various components of antioxidant protection. In the Prikubanskoye apple variety, the content of malondialdehyde in the one-year shoots remained almost unchanged, indicating the greater stability of the cell membranes, achieved due to the increased activity of peroxidase. n the Rodnichok variety, AOF detoxification is achieved by increasing in the ascorbic acid content by 3 times. Varieties of Rassvet and Prikubanskoe had the highest content of anthocyanins and chalcones, that indicate their greater frost resistance in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. Analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics we have found as a result of our research showed that Prikubanskoe apple variety is resistant (II component of winter hardiness). The varieties of Rassvet, Rodnichok, Idared are of less resistant to the highest frost in the mid-winter.
The research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of physiology of fruit stability plants of VNIISPK in 2016-2017. The objects of the research were apple cultivars selected by the Institute and growing on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The variety of Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a control. The experiments were started in 2013, with the scheme of the trees plantings is 5 3 m. The crown was spindleshaped. The row-spacing and trunk strips were kept under black steam. To determine the heat resistance of apple cultivars, the method of heat shock +50 ºC (1.5 hours) was used. The purpose of the research was to study the heat resistance of apple cultivars based on determining the parameters of the water regime in the laboratory. The following parameters of the water regime were determined: total hydration, water deficit, restoration of leaf hydration. As a result of two-year studies, the studied apple cultivars were characterized by average water content (61.2...64.9 %), low water deficit under the field conditions and average deficit after exposure to heat shock and high ability to restore water content of leaf tissues (85.2...108.1%) after exposure to high temperature. The distribution of precipitations and temperatures under the field conditions during the passage of the studied cultivars of individual phenophases affected the hydration and water deficit of apple leaf tissues. There was a decrease in total water content and an increase in water deficit of leaves tissues during the fruit formation period (August) and during the onset of dry and hot conditions in the summer period. After exposure to high temperature +50 ºC in the laboratory conditions, the leaves showed an increase in water deficit in apple cultivars compared to the data under the field conditions. It was found that all the studied apple cultivars had an average level of heat resistance at the level of the control cultivar of Antonovka Obyknovennaya.
This study aimed to assess the influence of the factors plant organ, variety origin, berry color and ripening period the content of phenolic substances in the grape plants using statistical processing methods. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phenolic substances (hydroxycarboxylic acids, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, oligomeric procyanidins, stilbenes) of the main grape groups was carried out using the high effective liquid chromatography. The variability of phenolic substances content was studied according to the plan of a full four-factor experiment (a total of 36 variants in triplicate). Statistica 10 (StatSoft, Inc., USA) application software package was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of variance of the content of phenolic groups substances in the grape plants showed that the influence of the factors plant organ, variety origin and ripening period on the indexes of these substances is reliable. The berry color factor affected only the concentration of hydroxycarboxylic acids when interacting with the factors of plant organ and ripening period. Interaction of different factors variants among themselves significantly affected the amount of hydroxycarboxylic acids, flavonols, stilbenes and oligomeric procyanidins. Based on forecasting profile analysis, one should expect high values of hydroxycarboxylic acids, flavonols and flavan-3-ols only in the early stages of grape berry ripening, and oligomeric procyanidins in the later dates of ripening. The maximum quantity of stilbenes should be expected in interspecific grape varieties in the early stages of berry ripening, in autochthonous varieties in the later stages. By manipulating the affect conformity in natural lows of both individual factors and their combinations, one can predict the desired effect and achieve the optimal qualitative and quantitative ratio of various groups of phenolic compounds in the grape plants.
A study of winter hardiness of plum domestic varieties, differing in high taste qualities, was carried out. The plum winter hardiness is determined by of damage to plant organs on a 5-point scale. Varietal differences in the degree of resistance of skeleton`s branches and the stem to low temperatures in winter, as well as fruit buds to spring return frosts, were established. The condition of plum domestic trees was assessed for 4 years of research. The most resistant plum varieties to winter freezing of the stem and skeleton`s branches were identified: Calben 208, Vasova, Arvita, Vengerka Vkusnaya, Vengerka Italianskaya, Lakomka, Montfort, Nectar, Pamyat Vavilov, Persikovaya Michurin, Renklod Fioletovy, Chernosliv Adygeyskiy, Shamsi. Plum varieties with a maximum assessment of the tree`s state after a winter with an extremely low temperature were revealed: Vasova, Vengerka Vkusnaya, Pamyat Vavilov, Renklod Altana, Renklod Fioletovy, Shamsi. The improvement of the trees condition of most plum domestic varieties over the observation period has been established. Based on data on the maximum ruin of flower buds from return frosts from 2008 to 2010, stability groups of the studied plum varieties were established. Plum varieties with maximum resistance of fruit buds to return frosts were identified: Anastasia, Vengerka Italianskaya, Ekaterina, Ispolinskaya, Columbia, Lakomka, Pamyat Vavilov, Chernosliv Adygeyskiy, Shamsi. There was no dependence of freezing of the plum flower buds on the timing of the beginning of flowering. Varieties, with the beginning of flowering from April 11 (Velikiy Gertsog) to April 25 (Vengerka Rannia) and others, have had the freezing buds. The buds that were not damaged by frost were in varieties whose flowering began from April 16 (Lakomka) to April 25 (Vengerka Italianskaya). The results of studies of some varieties under the conditions of Adygea are compared with the results of other researchers of the Krasnodar Territory.
Growth processes reflect the dynamics of the leaf surface growth of the grape plant. They depend on the temperature and water conditions, as well as the variety specifics. The processes of growth of shoots and leaf plates of Riesling Rhenish grapes under the influence of different plantation scheme and the load of bushes with shoots are studied. It was found that the growth rate of grape shoots with an increase in the load from 40,000 to 70,000 shoots per hectare decreases and does not significantly differ with different scheme of plantation. The length of shoots is maximum for any plantation scheme with a load of 40,000 shoots per hectare and decreases when it increases. In 2019, there was a tendency to increase in the leaf surface area per hectare with increasing the load. With a landing scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 m and a load of 70,000 shoots/ha the leaf surface area per hectare was 1.2 times higher than that with a load of 40,000 shoots/ha, with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.5 m by 2.2 times, and with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.0 by 1.6 times. The productivity indicators of the leaf surface are calculated: the amount of crop per 1 m2 of leaf area; the area of leaves per 1 kg of crop and per 1 bunch. The trends of their changes depending on the load of bushes with shoots and the scheme of bushes planting are established. The studies have shown that under the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and increased biological stability of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were observed in plantations with a planting scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 and 3.0 x 1.5 m with a bushes load of 40 and 50 thousand shoots per hectare