Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Viability of a phytopathogen extremely depends on conformity of the environmental conditions to requirements of this organism. Variability of weather conditions defines the variety of an ecological situation in which the alive organisms including pathogens live and develop. In this article it is presented the information about change of weather conditions in recent years (2010-2015) in the Rostov Region and about influence of these changes on development and spreading of phytopathogens in the grapes plantings. The research are carried out in the production plantings of the Experimental field of ARRIV&W on a natural background of development of fungal diseases, with participation of grapes varieties various on a susceptibility to diseases. Experimental research was carried out using the standard techniques in wine growing. The assessment of injuriousness and prevalence of harmful objects and their ranging were carried out using the method of A. I. Talash. The results of the phytomonitoring research demonstrate the change of injuriousness of the main phytopathogens depending on weather conditions. When comparing the long-term experimental data on defeat by diseases to indicators for 2010-2015, it is possible to state the reduction of contamination of grapes plants mycoses even in case of reduction of number of protective processings. At the same time the quantity of the reaped crop, and also his quality (sugar content and acidity of berries juice) have been at the level of average annual values. It is shown that the depressive development of phytopathogens during the majority of vegetation phases promotes the increase in a harvest of grapes and improvement of its quality due to the best maturing of berries, and also to reduction of number of processings on vineyards that allow you to reduce the pesticid load and to improve the ecology of an ampelocenosis.
The article reports the results of multi-year monitoring of zonal peculiarities of development of complex of diseases and pests on grapes plantations of the Crimea under the conditions of climate change, wide introduction of foreign grapevine planting material and significant change of the range of plant protection means. It has been established that the following pests and diseases are wide spread annually in all viticultural zones: downy mildew, powdery mildew, Botrytis cinerea, Lobesia botrana, thrips, Eriophyes vitis; focally develop Schizotetranychus pruni and Tetranychus urticae, Viteus vitifolii, bud pests (Otiorrhynchus spp., Theresia ampelophaga and others); while black rot, black spot, Alternaria spp. and Helicoverpa armigera are characterized by periodic injuriousness. Due to changes in the assortment of insecticides and acaricides applied in the vineyards we can observe the increase in sucking arthropod populations of planting: Eriophyes vitis Pgst., a complex of phytophagous thrips (Thripidae), leaf form of Phylloxera vastatrix. On the other hand, there was a decrease in the spread of spider mites (Tetranychidae). The decline in the level of agric and technical practices applied on industrial vineyards resulted in the tendency to accumulate the bud pests and pests that damage the perennial wood of grapes plants. In recent years the following invasive for the Crimea diseases and pests have progressively developed in the vineyards: Bois noir, leafhoppers (Stictocephala bubalus, Arboridia kakogawana, Scaphoideus titanus). It was found that the following identified aboriginal species of cycads pose have a potential hazard for the stable development of Crimean viticulture: Hyalestes obsoletus Sign., Hyalesthes luteipes Fieb., Reptalus melanochaetus Duf. They are capable to spread the phytoplasma infection.
The purpose of our research was the study of influence of plants processings by preparation of "Mival-Agro" and "Albit TPS" on quality indicators and natural loss of bunch mass of table grapes varieties in the dynamics of post harvest storage. The objects of research were the table grapes varieties of Moldova and Muscat Hamburgskiy. The features of development of grapes plants under the influence of the examined preparation were studied using the standard methods of viticulture research. Impact assessment of foliar fertilizing with "Albit" and "Mival-Agro" preparations on organoleptic characteristics of table grapes and the value of the natural losses of a bunch mass during storage period is given in this article. It has been established as a result of carried out research that the use of growth stimulators of "Albit TPS" and "Mival-Agro" significantly improves the quality of Moldova and Muscat Hamburgskiy grapes varieties. It was shown that the value of the natural losses of a bunch mass of processing table grapes by testing preparations decreases in the process of 90 days storage. At the final stage of storage (after 150 days) under the studied systems of grapes treatments the difference in the values of natural losses was significant only for Muscat Hamburg variety. It is noted that the use of this experimental system of treatments improved the organoleptic properties of both studied grapes varieties. Thus, under treatments with "Mival Agro" the organoleptic qualities of Moldova variety rose up to 8.7 points, Muscat Hamburg variety - up to 8.2 points. Under treatments with "Albit TPS" the organoleptic qualities of Moldova variety rose up to 8.4 points. In addition to the above it is shown that these indicators were preserved over the long-term grapes storage under using of studied preparation.
The main task of modern winemaking is ensuring of high quality and competitiveness of finished products, including also the sparkling wines. Recently there are many various technologies of sparkling wines preparation. However the works in the field of technology of sparkling wines with use of cryoconcentrates are absent. For comparison of quality indicators of sparkling wines as sugar containing components we used instead of sucrose a cryoconcentrate of the processed grapes mash. As a control we used the known bottle method of producing of sparkling wine containing a mix of the processed control blend and liqueur. Process of fermentation and the subsequent processing operations carried out according to the commonly accepted production technology of sparkling wines. The research of quality indicators of sparkling wines received with use of various components containing sugar was carried out in the Scientific "Wine-making" center and in the Center of collective use of NCRRH&V on the high-technology equipment. High nutrition value and organoleptic assessment of the sparkling wines made on the offered technology are shown by the results of analisis. This technology of sparkling wines allowing to replace of sucrose of liqueurs by cryoconcentrates of grapes berry is scientific based, developed and experimentally confirmed. The development and approval of the technological instruction for production of the sparkling wine geographical specifying "Muscat Sevastopol" TI 9172-3116-05431414-2014 is the result of cooperation of specialists of SP "Sevastopol Wine-making Plant" and scientists of "Wine-making" scientific center of NCRRIH&V. The advanced technology was testing and it is implemented on SP "Sevastopol Wine-making Plant" with economic effect of 23880 rubles on 1000 bottles of products of sparkling wine.
The main problem of the existing approaches to quantitative expression of sparkling properties of drinks is difficulty of standardization of methods, measurement process duration (the extraction of CO2 from champagne can continue more than a day) and complexity of using devices. In this article the merits and the demerits of the assessment methods and special devices existing earlier for the analysis of sparkling properties of sparkling wines are considered. It is specified that the essence of the existing methods of assessment of wine sparkling properties consists in a research of kinetics of CO2 extraction however it is noted that the offered now methods demand the use of the non-standard equipment and they are difficulty reproduced under the conditions of factory laboratories. In this regard the purpose of research carried out by us was the development of the simplified technique of assessment of wines sparkling properties which could be more widely adopted due using of the standard laboratory equipment. The method offered by us represents the modification of a gravimetric method of definition of carbon dioxide mass concentration. Method consists in continuous measurement of mass of the emitted carbon dioxide during a certain period, with the subsequent analysis of the received speed curves of CO2 extraction. In general, analyzing the experimental data obtained by us, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the main process of "play" of drinks proceeds within the first 13 min. of desorption process. At the same time the results of research show that the high speed of CO2 extraction have the samples of the sparkling wine received from studied grapes of Aligote, and the samples of the wine received from the same grapes variety by chemical saturation.