Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The fruit storability, which is based on the variety, is formed from individual indicators, including the mineral composition of the fruit, the optimal amount of which ensures the formation of protective properties on the skin and pulp, which contributes to the long-term storage of fruits in cold storage chambers. Therefore, the study of mineral composition in different phases of fruit development is relevant. In this regard, the research aim is to establish the storability of apples depending on the level of accumulation of minerals. The weather of the growing season is one of the most important factors affecting the accumulation of minerals in fruits and their storability. As a result of the conducted research, the regularities of the formation of the mineral composition of apples during the growing season have been studied; optimal levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus in different phases of fruit development have been established; patterns of the development of physiological diseases during fruit storage due to the mineral composition of apples have been established. The established optimal levels of the content of nutrients in a certain phase of plant development allow to adjust the planned topdressing to achieve the specified levels of mineral composition. An early prognosis of the development of physiological diseases of fruits due to a lack or imbalance of the mineral composition allows to reduce storage losses by 5-7%. It was found that for the main assortment of apples growing in the conditions of the Krasnodar region, the following macronutrient content is optimal, depending on varietal characteristics in removable maturity: 8.0-12.0 mg/100 g of calcium; 80.0-120.0 mg/100 g of potassium, 6.0-9.0 mg/100 g of magnesium, that provides the greatest resistance to diseases and the maximum duration of storage.
Research was conducted to identify and study the technological characteristics of autochthonous strains of wine yeast isolated from vineyards in the Krasnodar region. From natural populations, 90 yeast strains were isolated from the surface of grapes of the following varieties: Petit Mansan, Merlot, Krasnostop Anapskiy. Generic identification of the studied strains was carried out. The proportion of Saccharomycetes varied over a wide range. Analysis of 90 yeast strains made it possible to isolate 40 representatives of the genus Saccharomyces. Species identification was carried out using molecular genetic methods. A working sample of 40 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained. Yeast screening for the ability to ferment sugars made it possible to isolate 13 yeast strains. Strains TK20-2 and LM19-19 are noted as weak fermenters with the formation of non-fermenters. An analysis of the ability of yeast to synthesize hydrogen sulfide showed that 21 strains produce hydrogen sulfide in an insignificant amount. In the course of studying the main technological properties, 4 strains were isolated, with the use of which white wine materials were prepared from the Onitskanskiy grape variety. In wine materials produced using local strains, a variation in the concentrations of organic acids, amino acids and volatile aroma-forming components was noted. The conducted tasting of the studied samples showed that 3 out of 4 wine materials were characterized by high quality. The sample produced using strain LM19-3 had the highest tasting score. The use of strains LP19-1, TK20-11 and LM19-3 ensures the production of high-quality wine materials with high organoleptic characteristics.
One of the urgent tasks of modern winemaking is to reduce the doses of sulfur dioxide while preserving the quality of wine. Special attention in this aspect should be given to the development of approaches to select grape varieties and assess crop quality. The aim of the work was to substantiate the system of parameters for selecting grape varieties to produce wines with a low content of sulfur dioxide. The object of research was a database of component composition, biochemical properties, physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of white and red wine grape varieties from different regions of Crimea, obtained in different systems of farming, and base wines. It was created in the period 2016-2022, and includes 376 batches of grapes and 609 batches of base wines. Experimental data were obtained using standardized and modified instrumental procedures based on the principles of colorimetry, potentiometry and titrimetry. The dynamics of component concentrations of SO2-binding complex, sulfites in the process of grape ripening was studied, its relationship with carbohydrate-acid maturity and climatic conditions was shown; as well as the dynamics of pH, keto acids and acetaldehyde in the system grapes-base wine. The system of indicators (and their value ranges) for selecting the varieties and assessing the quality of grapes for wines with a low content of sulfur dioxide, including the content of sugars, titratable acids, aldehydes, keto acids, sulfurous acid in grapes, technological stock of phenolic substances, potential amount of anthocyanins, and proportion of easily extractable anthocyanins (for red varieties); pH, PPO activity was substantiated and statistically confirmed. Testing of the developed system of indicators made it possible to establish promising for wine production grape varieties with a low content of sulfur dioxide, pointing the protected geographical indication of their growth (within the Crimean Peninsula).
At the first Russian wine-making forum, which took place in the autumn of 2022 in Moscow, much attention was paid to the use of autochthonous grape varieties for the production of high-quality wines. Dagestan is one of the regions of wide cultivation of grapes. Due to the presence of a large genetic potential of native varieties in the republic, it is possible to significantly increase the production of grapes for fresh consumption and use them as raw materials for processing on wine products. The experimental samples of dessert wines from grapes of autochthonous technical varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, grown in the conditions of the southern viticultural plain zone at the Dagestan breeding experimental station of viticulture and vegetable growing of the branch of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW, were studied. Physico-chemical parameters were determined by standard methods used in enochemistry. The study of phenolic substances and vitamins was carried out using capillary electrophoresis on the device Kapel 104T, RF, NPF LUMEX. A higher content (in mg/dm3 ) of phenolic substances (4022,0), anthocyanins (213,0), ascorbic (72,52), chlorogenic (2,16), orotic (3,52), caffeic (14,35) and gallic acids (11,9) were found in wine from Gimra Novaya grapes, compared with wine from the Fioletta variety (the grape must of both prototypes was infused on the pulp for 24 hours). The total content of biologically active substances in the studied wines was 49,04 (Fioletta, infusion of grape must for 24 hours); 111,04 (Gimra Novaya, infusion of grape must for 24 hours) and 122,39 mg/dm3 (Fioletta, infusion of grape must for 24 hours). The infusion of the grape must on the pulp for 48 hours in wine from Fioletta grapes caused an increase in the total amount of these compounds by 2,5 times compared to the infusion of 24 hours. Dessert wines from the varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta were characterized by a clean, fresh varietal aroma, a long berry aftertaste with nuances of wild thorn and smoky prunes. The obtained results can be used in biotechnology in the manufacture of high-quality wines from autochthonous grape varieties.
One of the tasks in the research of the gene pool of fruit crops is a systematic phenotypic assessment of samples in collections and the study of their genetic diversity. To date, traditional methods of varietal study and DNA marking are used for this purpose, which make it possible to identify donors and sources for breeding and promising varieties for industrial cultivation. The aim of the research was a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of varieties and hybrids of sweet cherries of domestic breeding. A long-term phenotypic assessment, carried out against the background of unstable and stressful conditions of the growing year, made it possible to identify more plastic varieties of sweet cherries Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Kavkazskaya, Podarok leta, combining the signs of winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to coccomycosis, and productivity. Simultaneous assessment of sweet cherry varieties of local breeding based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci made it possible to establish genetic characteristics and perform DNA certification. To analyze the polymorphism of the studied genotypes, we used 7 SSR loci that were first identified and mapped in the sweet cherry genome (Alaya, Madonna, Kavkazskaya, Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya, Krasna devitsa, Mak, Podarok leta, Yasno solnyshko, Luchezarnaya, Yuzhnaya). Analysis of the obtained DNA fingerprints made it possible to establish that all the studied varieties of sweet cherries have a unique allelic set. For DNA certification of cherry varieties, the most polymorphic SSR markers are recommended: EMPa018, EMPaS12, EMPa017, EMPa004, UCDCH17, UCDCH12 and UCDCH31. Sweet cherry varieties Madonna (early), Podarok leta (middle) and Alaya (late) have been identified as sources of a complex of adaptive and productive traits recommended for further breeding work, as well as varieties that are for laying new cherry plantations in the south of the country.