Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The results of sensory evaluation of apple juice from fruits of a number of cultivars, depending on the period of fruit harvest, are presented. The objects of research were immune apple varieties All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding selection. The control was the Antonovka Obyknovennaya variety. Sensory analysis of the juice was carried out in dynamics parallel to the harvest dates of the apples. The analysis was carried out by the testing commission at closed degustations. The appearance and taste of juice Were assessed. It was found that the attractiveness of the juice slightly depended on the period of fruit harvest average rating for juice appearance from the fruits of all harvest dates is to 4.4 points in 2011, 4.5 points in 2012 and 4.4 points in 2013, which was also confirmed by low values of the variation coefficient of estimation for the juice appearance depending on the dates harvest (1,4....4,5 %). There were more clear differences between the taste ratings of juice obtained from fruits of different harvest periods. The average values of ratings for the taste of juice increased from the first date to the third date of harvest, when the fruit reached the optimal degree of maturity and accumulated the maximum amount of sugars. The taste of the juice was more dependent on the degree of fruits maturity, than the appearance of the juice. Obviously, the fruit indicators that affect the attractiveness of the apple juice are less dependent on the degree of maturity than the indicators that determine juice taste. The optimal combination of indicators that form the best taste of fruit and, consequently, juice, is achieved only at a certain point of maturity. Therefore, the period of fruit harvest significantly affects the formation of the taste of the apple juice.
For more complete extraction of biologically active substances from black currant berries, as well as destruction of pectins and colloids, in the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries, the enzyme preparation of Trenolin Thermo DF with high polygalacturonase activity (2042) was used, which contributed to an increase in the concentration of vitamins, polyphenolic and pectin substances in the juice. It is proved that the processing of berries with an enzyme preparation also affects their antioxidant potential, increasing it by two. To achieve the highest efficiency of extracting anthocyanins and other polyphenolic substances from the skin of the black currant berry, the method of pulp fractionation with step-by-step processing was applied. Enzymatic hydrolysis of high-molecular components of plant raw materials was carried out, depending on the structure of the hydrolyzed polymer and the desired degree of cleavage. The dependence of the yield of target components in easily digestible form on the time, concentration of preparation and temperature of fermentation was noted. The results of research are presented, taking into account the optimally selected parameters of enzyme processing and the type of berry raw materials. The yield of bioloqically active substances after four hours of fermentation increased taking into account the dosage of the introduced enzyme Trenolin Thermo DF. With an increase in its concentration, the content of vitamin C, P and anthocyanins changed proportionally. The highest yield of biologically active substances was observed when adding the enzyme preparation Trenolin Thermo DF to black currant pulp of 0.3 %. The optimal temperature for the highest yield of vitamins, polyphenolic and pectin substances from berry raw materials is 30 ºC. It is established, that the use of the enzyme preparation of Trenolin Thermo DF in the experimentally selected concentration, temperature and hydrolysis time allows increasing the yield of biologically active substances from black currant berries in an easily digestible form.
The increasing in the rate of national production requires the continuous quality control and competitiveness of products. This task is inextricably linked to the expansion of research opportunities in this field through the use of new analytical methods. The effective use of product control methods requires in turn the development of new standards including modern research methods and evolution of product quality. Standards for product control methods must ensure the comprehensive verification of mandatory product quality requirements, and should be objective and accurate. One of the methods of checking the use of requirements to the quality of ready products can be organoleptic analysis. The field of application of organoleptic analysis is wide: development of a new product at the enterprise, control of the product quality at all stages of production and sale, study of the structure of purchasing demand and preparation of forecasts for the sale of ready products, etc. Organoleptic analysis is mainly used in the food industry at all stages of production: from manufacture to sale of products. The article presents the results of tasting of various types of "A" company products as coffee, tea and wine. Tasting was carried out not only to assess the quality of products already in circulation, but also when product is entering it into the trading network. The article also discloses the concept of tasting as a method of assessing the quality of the product, and considers the results of carried out of studies on tasting evaluation of red wine, black tea and ground-roasted coffee. Development of experimental-analytical model of tasting process is presented.
The article provides a description of new domestic apple varieties of early summer and summer ripening, included ones in the State Register of selection achievements approved for use in the North Caucasus (6) region: Union (breeds FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making, together with FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding) and Fortuna, Feya and Zolotoe Letnee (breeding of North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making). The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed by the employees of the Selection Center of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW programs and methods of selection and variety study of fruit crops. Objects of research are the apple varieties of different ploidy and various genetic origin. It is presented a pomological characteristic of 4 new apple varieties of Zolotoe Letnee, Soyus, Feya, Fortuna, including the origin of variety, distribution, ploidy, variety status, ripening period, economic and biological characteristics, detailed morphological characteristics, cytological features, the main advantages and disadvantages of the variety, the main distinctive signs, as well as the originators and authors of the variety are indicated. The main features of new domestic Zoned apple varieties that are valuable for varietal testing are described. According to the results of research carried out the new apple varieties are promising for use in breeding and in industrial and home gardening of the Southern region of Russia. The Soyuz apple variety combining immunity to scab, drought tolerance, high yield (up to 56 t/ga on MM106 rootstosk), large size of fruits (up to 355 g), dessert fruit taste (tasting grade of 4,8-4,9 points).
The paper presents the results of a comprehensive physiological assessment of 16 cherry`s varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in the Prikuban fruit growing zone of the Krasnodar Territory. The purpose of these studies was to study the physiological characteristics of the formation of cherry adaptability according to drought plant tolerance under the conditions of Southern horticulture to select the most resistant varieties to drought and heat. According to the indicators of leaf tissue water content, the cherry varieties of Timati, Feya, Dyuk Ivanovna, Dyuk Khodosa and Kazachka were revealed in the insufficient moisture period. Varieties characterized by the least loss of water during a long drought were found: Dzhusi Frut (7.1 %), Dyuk Ivanovna (7.4 %), Fairy (7.9 %), Orotak (8.4 %), Dyuk Hodosa (6.5 %), Timati (6.6 %), Vstrecha (6.8 %), Erdie Botermo (6.9%), Prizvanie (6.9%). It was established that in the studied cherry varieties the water-keeping capacity of leaf tissues was quite high and was determined by varietal characteristics and conditions of the year. According to the dry substances content in leaf tissues, the dynamics of which during the period of abnormally high positive temperatures effect indicate to some extent the drought tolerance of cherry varieties. The varieties with the lowest dry matter content like Timati (11.2 %), Dyuk Hodosa (10.4 %), Dyuk Ivanovna (12,2 %), Erdie Bothermo (11.8 %), Jusi Frut (12.5 %) are selected. At the same time, a relationship was established between the hydration of leaf tissues and the dry substances content in them, which increase with a decrease in the total water content. By the complex of physiological parameters, the most drought tolerant varieties under the conditions of the Kuban zone of the Krasnodar Territory are revealed, they are Dyuk Ivanovna, Dyuk Khodosa, Timati and Feya. These varieties can be recommended for cultivation and adaptive cherry plantations under conditions of Southern Region.