Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Clonall micro reproduction is widely used in the breeding of fruit and berry crops for reproduction of a small number of genotypes and for a fast receiving a large amount of virus-free material. The object of research is the strawberry apexes from 1 to 3 mm in size and the meristems (0,3 mm) of Klery, Asia, Alba and Marmolada varieties. The influence of some factors of strawberry cultivation at a stage of explants introduction in vitro is revealed in the article. As a result of the carried out research it is established that input in vitro of apexes of 3 mm in size, with the subsequent exarticulation from them of meristems of 0,3 mm in size, increases of explants survival (meristems of 0,3 mm) more than twice (from 25% to 59% on average). It is shown that the efficiency of clonal strawberry micro reproduction is increased on the nutrient mediums containing a complex 6-BAS with IAA in the ratio 1:0,1. This medium provides the high coefficient of reproduction together with high quality of regenerated micro shoots. It is also established that the structure of medium with complex of 6-BAS and detiobiotine causes more intensive growth of shoots and activates of chlorophyll synthesis. The darkening of explants for 8 days at the 1 st passage leads to increase in coefficient of reproduction of Asia strawberry explants from 22,6 to 64,3 at the medium containing 6-BAS without IAA and to increase in coefficient of reproduction from 9,4 to 16,0 of Alba strawberry. In addition in the medium of 0,1 mg/l of IAA the coefficient of reproduction increases from 33,2 to 40,0 at Asia strawberry and from 12,6 to 16,4 at Alba strawberry.
In the Southern region of Russia the degree of drought resistance of apple varieties has a great importance as the majority of them are cultivated in the irrigation free conditions. The work purpose is to study the water mode of apple varieties of various ploidy for identification of the most adapted varieties to abiotic factors of the summer period. The integrated approach on the basis of physiological, biochemical and anatomical-morphological analysis of leaves tissue of an apple-tree is applied to identification of adaptable mechanisms of stability. The comparative data about structure of a leaf sheet characterizing the physiological condition of plants during the summer period of 2011-2013 are received. The modern physiological and biochemical methods of research and also methods of light microscopy are used. The triploidy apple-tree varieties as Soyus and Rodnichok have the raised maintenance of the connected form of water, proline and potassium cations. It allows plants to support the rather high level of physiological processes during the summer period. It is established by the conducted research that triploidy apple varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok possess the best ability to adapt for a drought, than diploidic Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mak, Deyton varieties. On the basis of the data obtained in the years of different weather conditions it is revealed that the three ploidy apple-tree varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok have the cseromorfy traits of a leaf connected with drought resistance. It is possible to claim that triploidy apple-tree varieties of domestic breeding possess a big reserve of potential opportunities to adapt for a drought and a heat in comparison with the introduced diploidic varieties of foreign breeding. Local apple varieties, and three ploidy varieties more than diploidy varieties, possess the bigger ecological plasticity, that allow them to adapt better to extreme factors of the environment on the basis of physiological reactions changing.
In the North Caucasus Region the currant red was not widespread in the industry. One of the reasons is lack of varieties with high productivity and commodity quality of berries. The article presents the results of two-year evaluation of 20 red currant's varieties from collection of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture that have the different ecological and geographical nature. The traits that characterize the commercial quality of berries are researched. It is researched the bunch length, the number of berries per bunch and the average weight of berries. The purpose of research is to identify the red currant varieties, having the high commodity properties of berries cultivated under conditions of Krasnodar Region. The well known in the Russian Federation method of study of fruits, berries and walnut cultures is used in the article. Conducted studies have shown that Detvan, Tatran, Podarok Leta, Dar Orla, Ogonyok varieties have the long bunch (10,1-12,0 cm). The largest number of berries per bunch have Podarok Leta, Ogonyok varieties (more than 20 berries). Large size of berries (0,66-0,85 g) have Detvan, Tatran, Asya, Gollandskaya Rozovaya. Conducted clustering on discounted biometrical traits allows to combine the studied varieties of red current's in the groups with the highest and lowest values of traits. As a result the conclusion is made that the good prospects to industrial and amateur gardening of Krasnodar Region have red currat's varieties of Tatran, Detvan, Asya, Podarok Leta, Ogonyok, Dar Orla. These varieties most closely corresponded to requirements of the market commodity quality of currant red berries.
Species, varieties and forms of plants, used in the gardening, have to combine in the genotype the high decorativeness and adaptability. Currently, in the South of Russia there is a deficit of wood-shrubby species, blossoming in the second half of the growing season under the dry hot conditions of summer and autumn, so the Syrian Hibiscus represents the considerable interest. The purpose of our research is to develop the scientifically grounded assortment of Hibiscus Syrian for landscape construction in the southern regions of Russia. The object of the research is the plants of introduced varieties of Hibiscus Syrian of different ecological and geographical origin, the plants of local population of seed origin and the selections of promising hybrids. Research methods used in the work are the introduction, route inspections and the comparative evaluation of varieties. The short results of introduction of some varieties of Hibiscus Syrian are given in this article. It is noted that the best adaptability have the next varieties: cv. Speciosus, cv. Carneus Plenus, cv. Rassian Violet, cv. Hamabo. These varieties have a drought resistant and high decorativeness, but their winter hardiness is lowered. According to the results of the study of 2008-2013, the five hybrids were selected: T-21-12, T-18, T-11-7-11, T-16-11, K-26-12. Short description of the selected forms of Hibiscus Syrian is given. It is noted that these hybrids combine in the genotype the valuable decorative characteristics and the high resistance to abiotic stress factors, typical to the southern regions of Russia. The hybrids selected in the research work are transferred to experimental farm for further reproduction. Promising forms of Hibiscus Syrian will supplement the assortment of introduced varieties and will allow to create a landscape compositions, examined in the gardening, and a long conveyor of continuous blossoming since the end of June to the middle of October.
In the article the data on the influence of rootstocks cherry seedlings and VSL-2 on height, trunk's diameter, size of one-year shoots and the number of annual branches of sweet cherry scion-rootstock combinations of E.M. Alekhina breeding (NRRIH&V) in a young garden without irrigation are considered. The data of output of sapling under conditions of low humidity and high summer temperatures are analyzed. In the study the "Program and methodology of varieties study of the fruit, berry and nut crops" have used. The comparison of rooted plants of sweet cherry on different rootstocks is conducted. It is revealed that in the first years of the research the survival of sampling on VSL-2 rootstock is much higher (on average 29%) of that indexes in the almost all combinations. The greatest growth in a young garden have Alaya, Mak, Uyshnaya on seedlings of sweet cherry, and Volshebnitsa on the VSL-2 rootstock. It is noted that all studied combinations (except Alaya) have the height, trunk diameter, number of branches and the amount of annual shoots of the plants on the VSL-2 rootstock significantly greater than that indexes on the sweet cherry rootstock. Analysis of variance of data showed that the share of influence of the factor "genotype of rootstock" on the height of plant cherry is 30,27 %, on the diameter of the trunk 22,05 %. It is shown that in the early years of plants development without watering the influence of rootstock genotype stronger than the influence of scion genotype (39,63 to 80,60 %). The influence of the scion genotype was observed only on the number of annual branches (6,45%). Two-factor analysis of variance also revealed the combined effect of the factors "genotype of the rootstock" and "scion genotype" on the variability of the studied parameters (0,22-1,54 %) in the early stages of research in a young garden.