Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article is devoted to the study of various varieties of apples of domestic and foreign breeding as raw materials f or the production of ciders. 30 varieties of apples of different ripening periods were processed. The obtained results showed a significant variation in the concentrations of dry matter and sugars. The highest concentrations of sugars from 147 to 167 g/dm3 , necessary for fermentation and accumulation of ethanol of natural fermentation, were found in apples of Virginia, Orfey, Persikovoe, Margo, Exotica, Florina varieties. The highest values of the mass concentration of titrated acids were revealed in winter varieties of apples: Renet Platona (7.9 g/dm3 ), Orfey (7.1 g/dm3 ), Liberty (6.0 g/dm3 ). It was found that the yield of the wort ranged from 43.8 (Form 12/1-21-6) to 58.8 % (Ligol). Studies have shown the greatest yield of wort in the processing of winter varieties of apples Ligol, Persikovoe, Enterprise, Jin, Prikubanskoe, which averaged 57.6 %. The yield of wort is slightly lower in autumn varieties an average of 53.8 %. The lowest yield of wort was revealed in the processing of apple varieties Form 12/1-21-6, Virginia, Form 12/1-20-4, Form 12/1-21-6, Zolotoe letnee. The dynamics of fermentation of apple wort differed. In 18 samples, fermentation was fully completed, and in 9 there was a shortage with different concentrations of unsealed sugars from 50 to 74 g/dm3 (Virginia, Ligol). The consistency of the wort was varied: loose with good juice separation (Zolotoe letnee, Amulet); puree with slow particle sedimentation (Ketney, Champion); fibrous or mealy-fibrous with weak juice separation (Virginia, Form 12/1-20-4, Form 12/1-21-6, Form 12/1-21-36, Form 12/1-20-16, Form 12/1-21-19); fibrous with good juice separation (Exotica, Orfey). In the remaining samples, despite the dense structure of the fruit, good juice secretion and sedimentation of particles were noted, due to which the wort self-clarified.
The article presents the results of research work received in 2022. The following tasks were set and solved in the research work: objects of study were selected and prepared, analysis methods were selected to obtain experimental data; the composition and dynamics of changes in physico-chemical parameters in samples that have undergone fermentation and aging under various conditions have been studied; the influence of the aging method on the organoleptic evaluation of wine was studied; conclusions are drawn on the basis of the obtained studies. Researches were concentrated on revealing the peculiarities of wine fermentation and aging in tanks of different types (steel, concrete, oak). Grapes of Riesling Rheinish variety with a sugar content of not less than 200 g/dm3 were harvested in the course of the work. The obtained must was divided into three parts and sent for fermentation in tanks, made of stainless steel, concrete and oak: 1. Steel vertical cylindrical tank from Serap company for 40 hl, equipped with a cooling jacket; 2. Concrete sphere without enameled with a volume of 30 hl; 3. French oak barrel from Seguin Moreau NEW OPTIMUM with a volume of 20 hl. Removal from the wort sediment was carried out at the end of fermentation, followed by pumping into the same technological tanks. The physical and chemical analysis of the young wines was carried out after the removal, followed by an aging period of 8 months. At the end of the ageing period the samples were sent for physical and chemical and organoleptic analysis and conclusions were drawn about the conducted work.
The article is dedicated to the 78th anniversary of Victory in the Great Fatherland War. It reflects the typical facts of biography of Great Fatherland War veteran, at the beginning of a researcher, and then for 11 years the director of the Anapa zonal experimental station of Viticulture and winemaking Sergenko Stepan Semenovich.
The article presents the results of the research work of the institution, obtained in 2022. Research is focused on solving the problems of accelerating the creation of new varieties of horticultural crops based on the mobilization of bioresource collections using molecular genetic methods and digital technologies; ensuring environmental and economic sustainability and optimal productivity of perennial agrocenoses, as well as the quality and safety of preserved plant agricultural raw materials based on biologization and digitalization of technological processes, etc. The analysis of the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities according to the criteria of research, publishing, publication, inventive activity, innovative, educational and financial and economic activities of a scientific institution. As a result of R&D, 106 completed developments of fundamental importance were obtained, which form the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of STP of the priority-applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 67 developments that improve the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and grape plantations, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool has been preserved 7060 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 48 varieties; clones were selected and 5 donors and 40 sources were allocated to create new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to the most harmful diseases and pests. One of the most important results of the research was 3 varieties of fruit crops: 2 apple Anita and Gaito Gazdanov, and one of sweet cherries Slavyanka. The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use for 2022 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes Delicious Maria apple variety, Yasno solnyshko sweet cherry variety, Novogodnaya quince variety and 5 grape varieties: Varvarovskiy, Garmoniya, Zinta, Reksavi, Novokubanskiy. In the USAIS electronic accounting database, output products in the form of intellectual property objects for 91 completed developments are registered. Normative documentation was developed in the form of company standards, technological instructions and specifications for 31 completed developments.
Research of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making, is focused on searching, mobilizing, preserving and studying the gene resources of grapes; creation of a new generation of grape varieties that combine adaptability, suitable for intensive, resource-energy-saving technologies; development of software in the monitoring system of agrobiological indicators of vine plantations within the boundaries of the terroir based on digital technologies for positioning, collecting and processing data; substantiation of methodological approaches and obtaining new knowledge about the patterns of changes in the component composition of wine products depending on the grape variety, taking into account various agricultural practices and changing terroir factors. As a result of the research, 10 completed developments were received. The preserved gene pool of grapes in 2022 amounted to 4964 genotypes. New sources of breeding-valuable traits were identified large berries in two varieties (Yubiley Moldavii, Kobzar) and seedlessness in three varieties (Ruby Seedless, Assol, Lotos). A codifier of varieties has been developed Automated system for codifying grape varieties of the Anapa ampelographic collection (Certificate No. 2022668027) and a computer program: Automated system for collecting, recording and processing data on agrobiological and phenological indicators of grape varieties (Certificate No. 2022665023). According to a complex of economically valuable and adaptively significant features and properties, in 2022, 3 elite grape hybrid forms of the technical direction of use and the average ripening period were identified. Grape varieties Varvarovsky and Garmoniya are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use. In the field of grape processing, new knowledge about the mechanisms of change in the component composition of wine products has been obtained. The control indicator of the implementation of the Research plan by publication activity according to the State Task for 2022 was a publication score of 7.0. The actual score was 7.14 points. In the process of carrying out research, all the tasks set in the State Task were completed.