Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The important link in the system of effective grapes cultivation is protection of plantings against pests and diseases. For the last 15-20 years the specific composition of pests on the industrial vineyards was considerably renovated and the new types of pests continue to appear in the personal subsidiary farms since the other various crops are near vineyards. The pests of these crops can use grapes as a forage plant and to influence essentially on its quality and productivity. The purpose of our research is to develop ecologically safe system of vineyards protection against a pests complex in the personal subsidiary farms. Research are carried out in six personal subsidiary farms, on the vineyards and other horticulture crops of Krasnodar, Anapa and Crimean areas through route inspections. The biological efficiency of chemical and biological insecticides was defined. It is shown that grapes protection against pests consists the organizational and agritechnical actions and application of chemical and biological means of protection. As a result of carried out research the complex of actions for vineyards protection against pests in the personal subsidiary farms is offered. To prevent the accumulation of the wintering pests capacity the treatment by insecticides of a chemical origin (Avant 0,03%, Fufanon 0,1%, Sumi-Alfa 0,5% etc.) after harvesting, and also in the spring on the first pests generations are offered. If these recommendations are observed the vineyards on seasonal dachas and personal subsidiary farms will be optimal protected from pests and thus the accumulation of the pesticides residues in the soil and grapes plant will considerably decrease.
At the "Magarach" institute the work on definition of methodical approach to technological assessment of the introduced clones of classical red grapes is carried out with a view of their possible use for production of high-quality wines. The object of research are the red table dry wine materials produced by use of various processing methods (classical technology, and method of carbon dioxide maceration of pulp and grapes). The methods of research used in the work are the standardized and special uvologic, physical and chemical, biochemical, organoleptic and statistical, with use of the modern equipment and the computer technics. For a complex assessment the research of grapes clones in "grapes - mash - wine material" system are carried out. As a result of carried out research the possibility of growth of the introduced red clones (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Fran, Merlot, Sira) under the conditions of the Crimea is established. This conclusion is made on the basis of results of the analysis of mechanical structure and physical and chemical and biochemical properties of grapes and a mash and wine materials. According to a complex assessment of red grapes clones in the system "grapes - mash - wine-material" the differentiation of them on 3 groups characterizing the grapes potential is carried out. The grapes criteria indicators allowing to pick up the perspective technology of wine materials production are revealed. For the grapes clones of 1 group the classical technology is recommended, for the clones of 2 groups - of carbon pulp dioxide maceration, for clones of 3 groups the carbon dioxide grapes maceration is recommended. The received results give the chance further to recommend the technology of processing for receiving of qualitative wine when the introduced clones grapes are studied on mechanical structure and physical and chemical indicators on the harvesting stages.
The selection of genetic donors and sources of economically-valuable traits gives an opportunity to pick up the valuable varieties to engage them in further breeding process. In the hybridization of garden strawberry you must enable the parental forms with a high level of productivity, product quality of berries and flowers decorative properties. Currently the breeding research in the study of genetic control of pink colour trait of strawberry flower are using the genotypic diversity within species Fragaria × ananassa Duch. Our research object is the first generation F1 seedlings received as result of hybridization of Belrubi × F1 C-141. The programs and existing methods of breeding of fruit, berry and nut crops are used in this work. For the statistic processing of the material the biometric methods are used. In 2014, the first phase of work is to analyze the strawberry seedlings of the first generation F1. The received hybrid seedlings were divided into three phenotypic classes: white, pink and pale pink in the ratio 8: 8:13. The appearance of the first generation of hybrid seedlings with different colour of the flower shows that the parental strawberry forms have geterzigotic status of alleles on this trait. Proceeding from the results of our study, the combination in one seedling genotype of two dominant alleles A1 and A2 defines the pink flower colour; the combination of dominant alleles A1 and A3 and A2 and A3 defines the pale pink colour. Analysis of the received first strawberry generation of seedlings showed the variability of the flower color from pale pink to pink. The intensity of the pink flower color depends on the number and combination of dominant alleles in one genotype.
Development of highly effective and economic methods of accelerated grapes reproduction is necessary for production of landing material of the highest categories of quality through in vitro culture. The purpose of research is the development of highly effective methods of adaptation and the ways of accelerated reproduction of the sanitated grapes saplings. For study of sanitated grapes plants from test-tube 3 experiences were put. Data of the research received in the first experience showed the advantage of grapes plants from test-tube cultivation for in vivo adaptation in the glasses with a volume of 450 ml. In the second experience it is established that survival and development of plants in the cubes of "Agros" proceeded more intensely, than in the peat pots. In the third experience it is shown that the early term of landing is more preferable as it allows you to receive more shoots for rooting. Thus there is an opportunity to receive the well developed plants to the time of optimal term of landing to a constant place. It is established that landing term considerably affected the number of the received green cutting and shoots ripening. The quantity of one-bud cutting of Levadiysky Black grapes of the first term of landing is 15-20 from one bush, and their quantity from plants of the second term of landing is 7-9. As a result of research the advantage of cultivation of grapes plants from test-tube in "Agros" substratum is revealed. The main methods of test-tube grapes cultivation in the "Agros" cubes are offered. The results of experience demonstrate the possibility of successful use for cultivation of grapes saplings, along with the stationary greenhouses, the more simplified constructions.
The analytical overview of world experience of use of introscopic methods of research applied in the agricultural biology and the food industry are given in the materials of article. The aspects of application of introscopic testing in the various areas of science and the development history of the introscopic researches of agricultural plants in the our country and abroad are shortly described. The results of the most significant and interesting research with use of radiographic methods, and also results of modern research of the last decade of foreign research with use of methods of computer and magnetic-resonance tomography are given. The domestic experience and progress of use of methods and means of a nondestructive testing in our country are discussed. It is noted that the carried-out analysis shows the insufficient development of similar research in our country which, at the moment, are limited only to use of a microfocal X-ray analysis. Current situation is explained by the high cost of the research equipment, low qualification of employers, insufficient amount of information about the existing prospects of this research. The conclusion becomes that in domestic agricultural biology it is necessary to expand the range of research works with application of introscopic methods, but it is necessary to define accurately the purposes and the tasks for carrying out the scientific research not to discredit this important and perspective direction.