Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The new grapes varieties of should have ecological plasticity, suitability for mechanization of processes for bush caring, have a high quality of the crop, including an increased content of biologically valuable substances. At present, the special interest is manifested in varieties with group resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, diseases and pests that allow us to effectively cultivate their varieties in the own-root culture. This article gives the botanical, agrobiological and economic-technological characteristic of the new table grapes variety of Souvenir DSVOSViO when it is cultivated in the ecological conditions of Southern Dagestan. A new table variety of DSESVV breeding (hybrid form G-62) was obtained by crossing of grapes varieties of Agadai and Linyan Bely. One of the main advantages of the new grapes variety is a compact, beautiful bunch of medium-size and original star shape form. The berry is large, the skin of the berries is quite thick. The taste is simple and pleasant. The berries are hard and withstand the crushing load of 1726-1800 g, and when removed from the fruit-stem 400-417 g. The yield capacity of a new variety at a feeding area of 3.5 x 2.0 m is 7.4-8.5 kg/bush or 105.6-121.4 centner/hectar. The resistance of the new variety to fungal diseases and pests is average and it is tolerant to the own-root form of phylloxera. The yield of 20-year-old bushes in the own-root culture is more than 100 c/hectar, therefore a new grapes variety of Souvenir DSVOSViO in the conditions of the South of Russia can be promising when cultivation of own-root culture. The selected hybrid form will transferred to the State Commission for Testing and Preservation of Breeding Achievements in 2017.
One of the main reasons for the decline of sowing qualities of seeds and planting material is the presence of various internal defects, such as a hidden injury or damage by pests. The seeds with hidden defects cant be sorted by the sorting machines, and so they are a constant component of all production of seeds batches. These seeds can be detected by X-ray analysis. Microfocus X-ray can be used to control the quality of seeds and to study their internal structure. The purpose of this work is the development of microfocus X-ray technique to determine the quality of fruits and seeds. Voltage, anode current and exposure time are included in the definition of the required zoom factor modes of X-ray apparatus. Mode of microfocus X-ray for control of fruits and seeds different on structure and size was selected. It was confirmed that this technique can be used to inspect the fruit and seeds of various sizes and structure. The method approbation was carried out on a large number of fruits and seeds from the collection of the Botanic Garden of Great Peter (Saint-Petersburg). It has been confirmed that the use of microfocus X-ray technique allows you to quickly select the executed seeds, not affected by pests, and use them for future planting and getting of a greater number of shoots. It was confirmed, that method can be used for analysis of seeds inside of fruits. The prospects for this technique to identify the problems with the collected seeds had been shown.
One of the most important indicators of apple varieties is a quality of fruit. This indicator is determined of varietal specific features, genetic origin of plants, ploidy, and also by meteorological conditions during growing and maturation of fruits, and by the level of agricultural technology and the cultivation region. The objects of our research are varieties and apple crabs of domestic and foreign selection. Apple crabs were obtained from the Maikop Experimental Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant growing, they are a valuable initial material for breeding. Evaluation of fruit quality was carried out for apple varieties and elite forms, selected on a complex of valuable agrobiological signs. The article presents data on the evaluation of fruits quality of 10 varieties and 12 apple crabs from the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the conditions of the North Caucasus Region. The research were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties study of fruit crops. Varieties and forms of apple trees on the fruit shape are divided into three groups: oblong, round and flat-round. The sources of large-fruit are selected varieties and elite forms of apple trees: triploids (2n = 3x = 51) of the summer ripening period: Yunona, Soyuz, 44-24-49, 44-24-42-yu, autumn ripening Nocturne; winter ripening Jonagold Prince, Red Jonagold, 44-30-45-v; diploids (2n = 2x = 34) of the autumn ripening Honey Crisp, Auvil Earley, Lubava, Carmen, Fregat, 29-4-110; winter ripening varieties Cameo, Linda, Adams Red Delicious and others. As a result of study carried out, it has been established that ploidy have a significant effect on the sign of large-fruit of summer apple cultivars; and at varieties of autumn and winter ripening the ploidy and varietal specific features influence that sign.
For evaluation of quality and authenticity of wine origin, the complex of different physical-chemical indicators is use in the world. There are the concentrations of free and connected organic acids, glycerin, the qualitative composition of phenol compounds and cations of different metals: in Switzerland Mn, Al, B, Ba, Ρΰ, Mg, Na, Pb, Sr, Zn; in Croatia Al, As, Βe, Li, Sr, Ti, Tl; in Germany Li, B, Mg, Fe, Zn, Sr, Sc, Pb; in Rumania Mn, Cr, Sr, Ag, Ρξ; in the South Republic of Africa Al, Mn, Pb, Ba, W, Tl. Isotopes and their correlations are widely investigated. In this case as the markers those components can be selected whose value to the greatest degree depends on the special features of grapes variety and place of its cultivation. Purpose of the work is a study of the expediency of using the correlations between amino acids as the criterion for evaluation of wine authenticity. It is analyzed 537 versions of white and red table wines, produced in 2012-2016. The mass concentration of amino acids was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis. The possibility of using the corelations between some amino acids as the criterion for evaluation of authenticity of wine is provide. The following correlations are selected on the basis of correlative and regressive analysis as the criteria: the leucine : methionine, the leucine : threonine, the methionine : valine, the methionine : threonine, the proline : tyrosine, the proline : alanine, the tyrosine : alanine and the sum of amino acids : proline. The carried out research have been shown that the value of these correlations varies in the narrow limit of the values independent on the age of wine, and it is determined by the special features of grapes varieties.
The main goal of this paper is development of methodological approach to assessment of resistance degree of stone fruit crops to phytophatogens, which could let to select forms with long-termed resistance and to get qualified and ecologically pure production with the reduce of pesticide load. As model system was used the resistance of Prunus L. hybrids to coccomycoces. Now the methods of selection of forms with horizontal resistance are very popular. The complexity of the allocation of such forms lies in the significant variability of plants defeat even on the same block. The dependence of defeat point by a number of factors (conditions of the year, location of the tree in the block, the presence of various pathogen biotypes in the population, skill of specialists, etc.) often does not allow to correctly assess the resistance of many varieties. It is confirmed by numerous publications in which data are presented on the various degree of fruit plants lesion (varieties, hybrids, rootstocks), even growing in the same geographical areas. The use of biochemical indicators related to sustainability allows us to create the rapid methods for the selection of unaffected forms. The development of such methods is related to the study of variability of biochemical parameters, and of lesion point and those relations, with the help of genetic-statistical analysis. For selection of reference forms, that is the plants with clear reaction on pathogen infection (not infected by fungus with horizontal resistance elements and with late infection progress) need to make controlled inoculation by different biotypes. The article suggests the methodological approach to the assessment of stability of stone fruit crops based on the use of the complex of biochemical, genetic and immunological and statistical methods.