Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The work with a collection provides the creation of a cherry gene pool, allocation of the varieties-standards, the sources and donors of valuable economic and biological signs for further use in the breeding and replenishment of information database, the preparation of materials for registration of a gene pool samples. In the article the results of study in 2004 - 2014 of a gene fund's collection of cherry and dukes of Melitopol experimental station of gardening are described. The sources of valuable economic and biological signs are allocated: winter hardiness of generative buds, resistance of buds to a frost, field resistance to a monilia and coccomycosis, compact of crown, self productivity, fast fructification, high tastes quality of fruits of early maturing and high productivity. Among 60 varieties - sources of valuable signs allocated in a work it is selected 20 which unite 3 and more valuable signs, including varieties of Amulet, Vstrecha, Griot Melitopolskaya, Igrushka, Melitopolskaya Radost, Melitopolskaya Purpurnaya, Prizvanie, Solidarnost, Shalunia, Chudo vishnya. Involvement of these varieties in the breeding process will allow you to receive the forms which as much as possible unite a complex of valuable signs in one genotype. For creation of new varieties of cherry and dukes 31 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, that are the donors and sources of the specified valuable signs were used in hybridization. On three varieties (Shalunia, Vstrecha, Vozrozhdenie) "The Certificates on registration of a sample of plants gene pool of in the Ukraine" are received, applications for receiving of certificates submitted for six varieties. As a result of study of a collection, allocation of varieties-standards and sources of biological and economic and valuable signs, the collection of traits of cherry was created and registered in the National center of genetic resources of plants of Ukraine.
Ampelographic collection perform major fundamental and priority applied functions in the accumulation and preservation of the gene pool of grapes. Lately there is a tendency to the revival of indigenous varieties. Aboriginal, ancient grape varieties in the different regions of cultivation, and the wild forms are the most valuable part of the world gene pool of culture. The aim of our work was to identify the valuable genotypes of native varieties with improved adaptive, business and wine properties for winemaking of high quality. This article presents the results of agrobiological and technological study of six white aboriginal Don grapes varieties. The research was carried out in 2008-2014 at the ampelographic collection of ARRIV&W (Novocherkassk, Russia). The quality of the white table wines are especially influenced by such factors as environmental conditions, the varietal characteristics of a grapes, the technology of cultivation and processing of grapes. An important result of our research is the qualitative estimation of wine materials made from studied varieties. The varieties Mahrovatchik and Kumshatskiy Beliy had the high yield. Very high sugar content was observed in the variety Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy, high in the varieties - Shampanchic-2, Durman, Kumshatskiy Beliy. The highest tasting score got the wine from the variety Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy - 8.9 points. Varieties Mahrovatchik and Kumshatskiy Beliy stand out for complex of agronomic traits. They are recommended for industrial grapes under the nature plantations in conditions the Lower Don area. In breeding as sources of valuable technological and economical-biological features, it is recommended to use - Mahrovatchik, Kumshatskiy Beliy and Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy grapes varieties.
Under of diversity of soil-climatic conditions the abiotic factors act as limiting and they destabilize the system of growth and development of plants in a fruit agricenoses. The role of adaptation reactions of varieties of fruit crops increases under these conditions. The main purpose of research was the study of dynamics of metabolites of apple-tree varieties of Idared, Prikubanskoye, Ligol varieties on CK4 rootstock under the conditions of different moisture of spring and summer period, including the double use of special fertilizers in combination with growth regulators. In article the analysis of change of weather conditions in May-August is given; dynamics of fractional composition of water is studied. Data on dynamics of carbohydrates and the content of organic acids and phenolic compounds are presented. Products of sugars oxidation are researched, realization of reproductive function of apple-tree plants is analysed. At this stage of research it was defined that Idared and Prikubanskoye apple-trees differed in the highest and stable content of free water in the leaves during the period from June to August and the raised content of phenolic compounds that promotes stabilization of regulatory functions of plants. Rather high level of synthetic reactions is revealed at apple-trees of Idared, Prikubanskoye and Ligol when determining the dynamics of protein content, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid and organic acids. The responsiveness of apple-tree plants on leaves processings by water solutions of special fertilizers and regulators of growth is shown. On the basis of the data obtained in research the conclusion is made that the studied apple-tree varieties are suitable for creation of steady fruit agric cenosis under the conditions of the South of Russia.
Now the relevance of resource-saving technologies increased in the gardening on the basis of the crown providing the decrease in labor input at their formation, the reduce of costs for harvesting and protection of plants against wreckers and diseases. The materials of article are the result of 10 years research on determination of parameters of labor expenses and efficiency of the fructifying intensive plantings of an apple-tree on rootstocks of M9, CK3, CK4 with a density of placement of plants from 1000 to 4167 pieces/hectare and the systems of crown formation "spindle-shaped" and "crown-row". Annually under the conditions of a field experiment we carried out the system of the methods of impact on crown providing the optimization of the light mode of plants. We determined by method of time supervision the time expenses and weighed the mass of the trees cut-off wood, and defined the productivity and efficiency of technological production cycle of fruits production. As a result of research it was defined that at carrying out of annual cutting an apple-tree Aydared and Pikubanskoye on rootstock of M9 the highest rates of labor productivity are received. In the same options also the highest productivity of trees, stability of fructification by years was observed. Profitability of fruits production makes 156,4-234,3%. The analysis of labor costs on carrying out of forming cutting of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK3 the Aydared and Simirenkovets revealed the considerable economy of resources and the minimum mass of the cut-off wood. The greatest expenses of work are fixed on the cutting of apple-tree trees of Dean Art and Zarnitsa. One of the main reserves of economy of resources at cultivation of an intensive garden of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK4 are the extent of cutting of trees (from 15 to 50% of the deleted wood with shortening of the central shoot at the height of 150 and 170 cm) and stability of fructification when rationing loading of fruits ranging from 60 to 80 on the tree.
The purpose of research was studying of the commodity qualities and chemical composition of apple-tree fruits of late maturing introduced varieties and varieties of Institute breeding which are grown up under the conditions of the South of Russia. It is noted that the special importance have the questions of improvement of vitamin provision of the population due to consumption of the fruits with the high content of ascorbic acid. In research there were 10 apples varieties, among which 4 varieties of NRRIH&V (Kubanskoe Bagryanoe, Prikubanskoye, Margo, Orphey). The research of indicators of fruit's chemical composition were carrying out using the standard techniques. Data on the content of soluble solids, sugars, acids and vitamins in the fruits of studied apple-tree's varieties are presented in this article. It is established that Granny Smit (220 g) and Prikubanskoye (205 g) apple varieties have the maximum mass of a fruit. The high content of soluble solids is typical for varieties of Institute breeding of Margo (14,0%), Orphey (15,5%), and also for the introduced Champion's variety (14,0%). The fruits of these varieties have also the high accumulation of sugars: the general content of sugars in 1,3 times higher than at the zoned Idared's variety. The highest amount of fructose (5,4%) and the minimum quantity of sucrose are noted in the apples of Margo of Institute breeding, that allow you to allocate Margo apple-tree in a group of the varieties possessing the valuable treatment-and-prophylactic qualities. The total content of pectin in the apples of the studied apple varieties was above a control sample. On the sum of pectin substances an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye with content of 0,5% of soluble pectin and 0,55% of protopectin was picked out.